STM and LTM

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The Three Stage Model of Memory Presented by
Cynthia Kaschub
The matters about which Im being questioned,
Your Honor, are all things I should have
included in my long-term memory but which I
mistakenly inserted in my short-term memory.
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Three Stage Model of Memory (Atkinson Shiffrin)
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Three Stage Model of Memory (Atkinson Shiffrin)
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Sensory MemoryGeorge Sperling (1960)

• Tested whether we visually store a perfect copy
  of what we see for a moment
• Had two tasks one set of stimuli (3 x 3)
• Free-recall
• Partial report

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• L Z Q
• T R B
• K N P

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• L Z Q
• T R B
• K N P

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The duration of sensory memory
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• N K W
• Y P T
• X C J

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• X C J

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Three Stage Model of Memory (Atkinson Shiffrin)
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(No Transcript)
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STM capacity

• Memory span task
• Memory span
• 1 4 9 2 1 7 7 6 1 9 4 5 1 9 6 3 . . .
• F B I J F K F D R L B J
• George Millers The Magical number seven, Plus
  of minus two Some limits on our ability to
  process information

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How can we improve our STM capacity?

• Chunking
• 1 4 9 2 1 7 7 6 1 9 4 5 1 9 6 3 . . .
• F B I J F K F D R L B J
• Recoding
• 1A, 2B, 3C,4D, 5E, 6F, 7G.. etc.
• 149 into ADI
• Mnemonic Devices
• Acronyms (ROYGBIV, SOH-CAH-TOA)
• Narrative technique
• Method of Loci

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Duration of STM?

• Peterson Peterson task
• Given small amount of information
• Distractor task
• Recall
• Measure Performance

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Duration of STMPeterson Peterson, 1959
Proportion of correct recall
Rapid Decay with No rehearsal

Time in seconds
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Three Stage Model of Memory (Atkinson Shiffrin)
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Demo
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Recency effect
Primacy effect
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Evidence for STM store and LTM store(Glanzer
Cunitz, 1966)

• Manipulate a variable and look at its effect on
  serial position curve
• Experiment 1 Speeding up presentation rate?
• Eliminate primacy effect retain recency effect
• Why?
• Experiment 2 Delaying the start of recall with
  an interfering task?
• Eliminate recency effect retain primacy effect
• Why?

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Long-Term Memory
Explicit Memory (declarative)
Implicit Memory (nondeclarative)
Procedural Memory (motor or cog. procedures)
Conditioning Memory (automatic or conditioned)
Semantic Memory (factual)
Episodic Memory (personal experiences)
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Support for different types of LTM

• Amnesics
• Anterograde Amnesia
• Inability to form new episodic memories
• (e.g., Claparède)
• Retrograde Amnesia
• Inability to remember old episodic memories
• Infantile/Child Amnesia
• Inability to remember memories before 3 years old

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Tests of different LTM Types(Warrington
Weiskrantz, 1970)

• Explicit Memory
• Recognition
• Cued-recall
• Free-recall
• Implicit Memory
• Word completion
• W _ I_ P _ R (whisper or whimper)
• Perceptual identification
• degraded word slowly revealed
• Homophone spelling
• Hear word and write down word (ewe vs. you)