The Uneasy Peace

1
Chapter 17

• The Uneasy Peace

2
Section 1

• The Cold War Begins

3
An Iron Curtain Falls

• WWII left the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union as the
  2 dominant world powers.

4
An Uneasy Alliance

• During WWII the Allies had a strong but uneasy
  alliance (G.B., U.S.A., U.S.S.R., and 23 other
  countries)
• Old hatreds
• Misunderstandings
• But bound together by a common enemy of Germany

5
An Uneasy Alliance (cont.)

• Soviets were suspicious of U.S.A.
• Tried to undo 1917 Russian Revolution
• Soviet propaganda
• Allies delayed in launching a 2nd front during
  WWII

• U.S.A. fears of Soviet Union
• Communism frightened Americans
• Past Soviet agreements with Germany
• Stalins bloody attacks on internal enemies in
  the 1930s

6
Two Views of the World

• Soviets View
• protection from a rearmed Germany
• Permanently weaken Germany
• Ring of pro-Soviet nations protecting their
  western border

• U.S. View
• International peace and prosperity
• A world patterned after U.S.A. (democracy,
  capitalism, free trade)
• Solve differences by talking not fighting
• Build a free world with the U.S. leading the way

7
Turning Point at Yalta

• Soviet city
• Feb. 1945
• Meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
• Control of the postwar world
• High point of cooperation among Big Three
• Turning point in relationship

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9
Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)

• Concerns of each leader
• Churchillhoped to save the British Empire
• Stalinto protect his borders and rebuild his
  country
• Rooseveltworldwide spread of democracy and free
  trade

10
Big Three Agreements

• Stalin agreed to join the fight against Japan
• Stalin would receive territories in Asia
• Stalin would support United Nations
• Each nation would control the part of Germany its
  troops held at the end of WWII

11
Control in Eastern Europe

• Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary,
  Czechoslovakia
• Soviet forces in Eastern Europe
• Stalin installed a govt. in Poland
• Roosevelt was concerned as Communist govts. Were
  established in new countries
• http//www.ena.lu/mce.cfm

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13
Control in Eastern Europe (cont.)

• April 12, 1945FDR died
• Turning point in history
• Old system of power was crumbling and a new
  unknown system was being built

14
Truman Comes to Power

• Harry S Truman
• 12 weeks as VP
• Little info from FDR

15
Formation of the United Nations

• Oct. 1945
• 50 countries
• Purpose was to maintain international peace and
  security
• U.S. hoped democracy would spread
• Soviets were determined to continue to control
  Eastern Europe
• http//www.un.org/english/

16
Meeting at Potsdam

• July 1945
• Truman, Stalin, Churchill
• Decide the future of Germany
• Germany would be completely disarmed and war
  industries dismantled
• Each occupying nation would be allowed to take
  war payments from its zone
• World into 2 camps (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.)
• http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-dpl
  /hd-state/potsdam.htm

17
Meeting at Potsdam (cont.)

• Divided Germany
• western halfBritish, French, U.S.
• eastern halfSoviets
• Berlin divided among 4 nations

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19
The Idea of Containment

• Containmentafter WWII, U.S. policy of securing
  the peace by trying to contain communism, or keep
  it from expanding beyond its current borders

20
The Idea of Containment (cont.)

• Feb. 9, 1946
• Stalin declared capitalism was a danger to world
  peace
• Capitalism and communism would clash eventually
• Some thought it was a declaration of WWIII
• Winston Churchill declared an iron curtain
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidtdi
  h_0305

21
Cold War is Declared

• Cold warthe U.S.-Soviet conflict that followed
  WWII in which the 2 powers avoided military
  confrontation but opposed each others political
  and economic goals

22
The Truman Doctrine

• G.B. asked U.S.A. to take over support of Greek
  and Turkish govts. Who were fighting communism
• March 1947
• 2 ways of life
• 1.) will of the majority
• Free institutions, free elections, representative
  govt., etc
• 2.) will of minority forcibly imposed upon the
  majority
• Terror, fixed elections, control of press, etc.

23
The Truman Doctrine (cont.)

• U.S. should help all free people who were
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or outside pressures.
• Defined U.S. foreign policy for next 20 years
• Americans saw communism as a worldwide threat to
  democracy that had to be resisted
• http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAtrumanD.ht
  m

24
The Marshall Plan

• Secretary of State George Marshall
• June 1947
• Plan for helping Europe rebuild
• Spending billions of
• To qualify for the aid, nations had to agree to
  spend the dollars on American goods

25
The Marshall Plan (cont.)

• Soviet rejected the plan
• 16 nations participated
• 17 billion over 5 years
• Western European industries increased their
  output by 64
• Communist Party in Western Europe weakened
• Feb. 1948Communist Party seized control of
  Czechoslovakia

26
Section 2

• The Cold War Deepens

27
Berlin Crisis

• Soviet and American plans for Germany differed
• U.S. wanted a strong Germany
• Soviets wanted a weak Germany
• U.S.S.R. and U.S. carried out their own plans for
  their zones
• U.S., G.B., and France planned to rebuild the 3
  western zones, tie their economies to the rest of
  Europe, and lay the groundwork for a free Western
  state

28
Berlin Crisis (cont.)

• June 18, 1948
• New currency for the 3 western zones and West
  Berlin
• Soviets warned the democracies to scrap their
  currency plan and accept a Soviet currency system

29
Showdown in Berlin

• June 23, 1948
• Berlin blockade began
• Soviet troops blockaded the highways and
  railroads and shut off electric power in West
  Berlin
• 2 million West Berliners were cut off from the
  rest of the world

30
Showdown in Berlin (cont.)

• Truman had 3 choices
• 1.) surrender Berlin to Stalin
• 2.) order American troops to open Berlin (risk
  WWIII)
• 3.) launch an airlift
• Fly food, blankets, coal, clothing, etc. into
  West Berlins airports
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidtdi
  h_jun26_broadband

31
Airlift Saves Berlin

• Berlin airlift lasted 11 months
• Landed every 3 minutes with 2,400 pounds of
  supplies
• Then every 45 seconds
• Overall 277,000 flights and 2 million tons of
  supplies
• http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/04/m
  aps/

32
Airlift Saves Berlin (cont.)

• May 1949
• Stalin lifted the blockade
• Complete disaster for Stalin
• U.S. became resourceful
• U.S.S.R. villain trying to starve innocent people

33
Airlift Saves Berlin (cont.)

• Late May 1949
• U.S., G.B., and France formed the Federal
  Republic of Germany
• Sealed tight the border
• October 1949
• Stalin declared the Germany Democratic Republic
  of Eastern Germany
• Europe was divided in half

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35
Allies Form NATO

• April 1949
• U.S., Canada, 10 European nations
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Military and economic support to remain free
• U.S. gave 1.5 billion for military aid to NATO
  countries
• 1955Warsaw Pact
• Soviet-Eastern Europe alliance formed

36
The Cold War in Asia

• British, French, and Dutch colonies wanted their
  independence after WWII
• 1947British gave India and Pakistan their
  freedom
• 1949Dutch gave up control of Indonesia

37
Civil War in China

• 1.) National government
• Jiang Jieshi
• Supported by U.S.A.
• 2.) Communist Forces
• Mao Zedong

38
Civil War in China (cont.)

• 1920s
• Cause of Chinese Civil War
• Oppression by landlord class of millions of
  peasant farmers
• Land reformredistribution of property to
  land-poor peasants
• Nationalist promised land reform but ignored
  needs of peasants
• Govt. of Nationalists was corrupt

39
Civil War in China (cont.)

• 1937Japanese invaded China and the 2 sides
  joined together
• Communists rebuilt countryside that the Japanese
  destroyed
• Set up govts.
• Small police forces
• Gave peasants their own plots of land
• Maos Communist protected and took care of the
  peasants
• By end of WWII, there were 900,000 Communists
  forces in China

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41
Truman Steps In

• Late 1945George Marshall meet with Mao and Jiang
  to end civil war
• Meeting did not settle anything
• Truman sent 3 billion aid to Jiang
• Jan. 1949Jiangs foreces left Beijing
• Oct. 1949Mao declared the Peoples Republic of
  China
• Dec. 1949Jiang fled to Taiwan
• China became a Communist country

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43
The Response of the United States

• Americans viewed Maos victory as a failure of
  containment
• National Security Council
• Truman to support remaining friendly nations in
  Asia

44
The Arms Race Begins

• Arms racecompetition between the U.S. and the
  Soviet Union for greater military strength

45
The Arms Race Begins (cont.)

• National Security Council Report NSC-68
• Suggested beginning a massive buildup of weapons
  to stay ahead of Soviet Union
• U.S. should lead the fight against Soviet
  expansion
• Huge army and navy, best weapons
• Need at least 40 billion defense budget
• http//www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/82209.htm

46
Hot War Flares in Korea

• End of WWIIKorea was divided at 38th parallel
• Communism in North
• Pro-western in South
• Each side wanted to reunited Korea
• June 25, 195090,000 troops from North Korea
  crossed the 38th parallel

47
Truman Responds

• Test of containment
• June 27Truman ordered air and navel forces to
  Korea
• UN Security Council gave and forces to help
  South Korea
• UN air forces were successful
• North Koreascorched earth campaign

48
Truman Responds (cont.)

• Sept. 15Douglas MacArthur freed Seoul and drove
  North Koreans back to 38th parallel
• Nov. 1950MacArthur pushed North Korea against
  the Chinese border (Yalu River)
• Late Nov.Mao sent Chinese soldiers and forced UN
  troops across the 38th parallel
• stalemate

49
Truman Fires MacArthur

• MacArthur disagreed with Trumans policy of
  limited war
• April 1951Truman fired MacArthur
• Only 31 of public agreed with Truman

50
Truman Fires MacArthur

• MacArthur received a heros welcome
• Govt. officials supported Truman
• July 1951peace talks began
• 2 more years of fighting and peace talks
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidspe
  ech_304
• Limited wara policy of avoiding global war by
  confining the fighting to one area and using
  conventional weapons, not nuclear power

51
The Korean Wars Impact

• Korean War settled little
• Border did not change
• North Korea remains Communist
• South Korea remains pro-Western govt.
• 2 millions civilians killed
• Bitterness still lasts today

52
The Korean Wars Impact (cont.)

• Americans decided to support a huge military
  buildup
• 195350.4 billion defense spending
• 3.5 million soldiers overseas military bases
  and powerful new weapons 750 nuclear warheads
• Trumans independent action enhanced the power of
  the presidency and laid the basis for later
  undeclared wars.

53
Section 3

• Cold War in the Atomic Age

54
Living With Fear

• 2 nuclear powers in the world
• U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.

55
Public Worry

• Media gave helpful advice
• Media also intensified fears with descriptions
• Federal Civil Defense Administration
• FCDA
• posters and booklets
• Told people they could survive a nuclear war
• Underground bomb shelter
• Shelter in family car or well-stocked basement

56
Public Worry (cont.)

• FCDA (cont.)
• jump in anyditch or gutter and bury their
  faces in their arms
• little tricks to help steady their
  nerves--reciting jingles or the multiplication
  tables
• http//library.thinkquest.org/10826/civil.htm
• Americans seemed preoccupied with nuclear war

57
The Game Gets Deadlier

• Americans wanted more and better bombs than the
  Soviets
• Later 1952hydrogen bomb tested on South Pacific
  island
• Purple, gray, yellow cloud
• 100 miles wide
• 25 miles high
• Mile-long crater in ocean floor
• Spilled radioactive dust over thousands of square
  miles

58
Eisenhower Elected

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• 1952 election
• Republican
• Seasoned soldier and grandfather figure

59
Eisenhower in Korea

• Determined to settle the Korean War
• 3 weeks after elected he toured the Korean front
• Peace talks offered the only way out
• July 1953United Nations and Communist signed a
  peace agreement
• Continued to divide Korea

60
Eisenhower and Dulles

• Eisenhower was a passionate anti-Communist
• Solid grasp of world affairs
• John Foster Dulles
• Secretary of State
• Anti-Communist
• Knowledge of Middle East and Asia

61
A New Strategy

• Massive Retaliation
• New Look
• May 1953
• New containment policy
• Cheaper air power and nuclear weapons
• Retire 50,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors
• Increase air force by 30,000 men
• Save about 4 billion a year

62
A New Strategy (cont.)

• Massive retaliationthe cold war policy of the
  U.S. under which aggression against any ally
  would be met with an immediate all-out nuclear
  strike
• Brinkmanshippractice of attempting to keep the
  peace among nations by letting it be known that
  one will never back down and is prepared to cross
  the brink of war

63
A New Strategy (cont.)

• The U.S. wanted to stay out of small limited wars
  that cost huge amounts of money
• Dulles worked out mutual defense treaties with 43
  countries

64
Policy Dangers

• 2 dangerous results
• 1.) gave U.S. only 2 extreme ways of responding
  to a Communist attack
• Either fight a nuclear war or do nothing
• 2.) Soviets stepped up their research
• July 1953H-bomb in Siberia

65
Eisenhower Wages Peace

• Eisenhower searched for ways to disarm atomic
  weapons
• Chance for Peace
• Speech by Eisenhower after Stalins death
• Inviting friendlier relations with U.S.S.R.
• Appeal for nuclear disarmament
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidv1t
  10
• Atoms for peace
• Dec. 1953
• Soviets and Americans would contribute
  radioactive materials to a stockpile for peaceful
  uses

66
Fallout Fears

• March 1, 1954
• U.S set off biggest H-bomb
• Radioactive cloud covered 7,000 square miles
• People worried about radioactive fallout
• You could live hundreds of miles from a nuclear
  blast and still be killed

67
Talks in Geneva

• Switzerland
• Fall of 1954
• Hopes of improving U.S. and U.S.S.R. relations
• open skies
• 2 nations would inspect each other from the air
• Khrushchev rejected the idea
• U.S. and U.S.S.R. began to talk again

68
The Deep Freeze Returns

• Feb. 1956
• Khrushchev openly condemned Stalin
• Communists and capitalists might be able to live
  peacefully
• Soviets may tolerate different kinds of communism

69
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)

• Hungary declared it would leave the Warsaw Pact
  and create a new govt.
• Nov. 4, 1956
• Khrushchev sent in troops to put down the new
  govt. in Hungary

70
Sputnik Fires the Arms Race

• Aug. 1, 1957
• Soviets tested 1st successful intercontinental
  missile (a long-range missile carrying a nuclear
  warhead)
• Oct. 4, 1957
• Soviets launched Sputnik
• A satellite which orbited earth

71
Sputnik Fires the Arms Race (cont.)

• U.S. increased arms development
• 19595.3 billion for missile develop.
• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration)
• http//history.nasa.gov/
• http//www.nasa.gov/
• Defense Department
• Expanded B-52 bomber fleet, submarines with
  nuclear missiles, short-range missiles in Europe

72
Sputnik Fires the Arms Race (cont.)

• Govt. poured to train scientist and
  engineers
• Powerful military-educational-industrial
  combination

73
Protests Slow Testing

• Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
• 1957
• SANE
• 25,000 membership
• http//www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/nat-com-s
  ane-nuc-pol.htm
• On the Beach
• 1957
• Nevil Shute
• Best-seller
• Antinuclear movement
• 195763 of Americans wanted the govt. to stop
  H-bomb tests

74
The Military-Industrial Threat

• Military-industrial complexthe vast interwoven
  military establishment and arms industry
• U.S. and Soviet Union continued to invent and
  stockpile new nuclear weapons.

75
Section 4

• A New Battleground

76
New Worlds to Conquer

• 1946-196037 new countries
• New independent nations were battlegrounds
  between U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.
• Emerging nationsa developing nation usually in
  Asia, Latin America, or Africa

77
United States Interests

• Eisenhower wanted to win loyalty of emerging
  nations
• Emerging nations had rubber, oil, and other
  natural resources
• If U.S. and emerging nations allied then it could
  prevent against Communist expansion

78
The Views of Emerging Nations

• Many newly independent countries did not want any
  outside help or control
• Egypt and India
• Hard to develop friendship with emerging nations
• Resented U.S. wealth and troubled race relations
• Not concerned about the common people

79
The Views of Emerging Nations (cont.)

• U.S. worried about protecting its overseas
  investments and military bases
• U.S. sent massive amounts of foreign aid
• Improve farming, schools, and medical care
• CIA used to promote the allegiance of newly
  independent nations
• Covert operationsa secret or undercover govt.
  mission

80
The CIA Joins the Fight

• Central Intelligence Agency
• Network of spies
• https//www.cia.gov/
• https//www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/i
  ndex.html

81
CIA Powers

• 1947National Security Act
• Streamlined defense system
• Created CIA
• Created National Security Council (NSC)
• NSC and CIA reported directly to the President
• CIAreform functions and duties related to
  intelligence as the NSC will direct
• Allowed CIA free to spy and carry out covert
  operations

82
CIA Powers (cont.)

• President could take quick, controversial action
  in foreign trouble spots without waiting for
  congressional or public approval
• CIA would bribe overseas politicians, hire secret
  armies, and plot the assassination of troublesome
  leaders

83
The CIA Grows Powerful

• 19526,000 employees and spent 82 million
• Americans saw the CIA as the good was to fight
  communism
• Attracted talented young graduates
• Important role in shaping events all over the
  world

84
The CIA and the Shah

• CIAs 1st attempting to overthrow a govt. took
  place in Iran
• Shahking of Iran
• Mohammad Reza Phlavi
• After WWII, Iran wanted to take control of their
  oil but the Shah did not know how to take the oil
  fields away form G.B.

85
The CIA and the Shah (cont.)

• 1951Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg became prime minister
• Mossadeg helped to develop a bill to nationalize
  the oil fields

86
The CIA and the Shah (cont.)

• Nationalizationthe process of changing a
  property or industry from private to government
  ownership
• British decline payment and shut down their
  refineries
• Irans oil market dried up and economy declined

87
Eisenhower Steps In

• Eisenhower wanted to protect Irans oil supply
  for the West
• Eisenhower wanted to keep the Shah and get rid of
  Mossadeg
• AJAX
• Overthrow Mossadeg
• Mililtary and public support for the Shah
• Shah would sign a royal decreee removing Mossadeg

88
The CIA Operation

• August 1953
• Shad fled Tehran
• Mossadeg discovered the plot and demanded the
  arrest of the Shahs supporters

89
The CIA Operation (cont.)

• Aug. 19, 1953
• AJAX started
• Long live the Shah
• Passed out
• Gathered citizens
• CIA agents and Shahs supporters clashed with
  Mossadegs supporters
• 400 dead or injured
• Mossadeg surrendered

90
The CIA Operation (cont.)

• The Shah returned victorious
• A group of Western oil companies signed an
  agreement to buy and sell Iranian oil and share
  the profits with the Shah
• AJAX was successful but many Iranians developed a
  hatred of U.S.A.

91
War in Egypt

• 1953Egypt declared independence
• Leader was General Gamel Abdel Nasser
• Nasser demanded G.B. give up control of the Suez
  Canal
• Nasser wanted 25 million in annual profits

92
War in Egypt (cont.)

• Nasser wanted to build a dam on the Nile River to
  provide electricity and irrigation to farms
• Sec. of State Dulles offered to help build the
  dam
• Nasser made a deal with Soviets for weapons
• Dulles was upset and cancelled the loan

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94
War in Egypt (cont.)

• 1956Nasser fought and gained control of the Suez
  Canal
• Allowed Egypt to finance the dam without outside
  help
• Oct. 1956Israel, G.B., and France invaded Egypt
  to seize the Suez Canal
• Eisenhower called for a UN resolution condemning
  the attack of Israel, G.B., and France
• They pulled out of Suez Canal

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96
War in Egypt (cont.)

• Middle East was now opened to the Soviets
• Pulled the U.S. deeper into the Middle East
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• Fighting communism and the Arab govts. That did
  not join the western countries
• Eisenhower promised economic and military aid to
  pro-Western govts. In the Middle East
• http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1957eisenhowerd
  octrine.html

97
Latin America

• Spirit of nationalism
• U.S. controlled 7 billion in natural resources
• Companies made but the masses were still
  poor and lived in poverty

98
Revolution in Cuba

• U.S. corporation controlled Cuba by mid-1950s
• Only a few high-level Cubans lived well
• Most Cubans lived in poverty
• 1952Fulgencio Batista became dictator of Cuba
  friendly to U.S.A.

99
Revolution in Cuba (cont.)

• 1958Fidel Castro
• Led revolt against Batista
• Successful
• Demanded control of America properties
• U.S. refused
• Castro received help from U.S.S.R.

100
Revolution in Cuba (cont.)

• La Brigada
• Secret force of anti-Castro Cubans
• Trained by CIA
• Plan to overthrow Castro
• 1961Castro had seized all Am. Businesses
• Signed trade agreement with Soviet Union

101
Kennedy and Castro

• 1961John F. Kennedy became President
• Communist satellite on our very doorstep.
• Believed Soviets had upper hand

102
Kennedy and Castro (cont.)

• April 17, 1961
• Bay of Pigs
• CIA and La Brigada plan to overthrow Castro
• Within a few days Castro defeated La Brigada
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidmf8
  05_postcrisis_44

103
To the Brink of War

• Operation Mongoose
• Interrupted Cuban trade
• Order more raids by exiles
• Plot Castros assassination
• Castro did not want to lose Cubas freedom from
  U.S. influence
• Khrushchev did not want to lose his foothold in
  Western Hemispher

104
To the Brink of War (cont.)

• Soviet nuclear missiles and bombers were
  installed near Havana
• Oct. 14, 1962U.S. spy plane took pictures of
  Soviet missiles in Cuba
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidtdi
  h_oct22_broadband
• Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuban shipping
  lanes
• 180 warships
• B-52 bombers
• 200,000 forces in FL

105
To the Brink of War (cont.)

• Soviet ships moved towards Cuba
• U.S. and U.S.S.R. were on the edge of a nuclear
  war
• Oct. 26, 1962Khrushchev agreed to remove
  missiles in Cuba
• U.S. agreed to never attack Cuba
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidmf8
  05_postcrisis_44
• Oct. 28, 1962Khrushchev began removing missiles
  in Cuba

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107
After the Crisis

• U.S. and U.S.S.R. accepted each others power
• Admitted the importance of negotiation
• Hot line for communication between D.C. and
  Moscow
• Arms race continued
• U.S. pride was restored after Cuban Missile
  Crisis
• Support for containment
• U.S. continued to stockpile nuclear weapons and
  serve as the worlds police force