When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to

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(No Transcript)
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C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T

• When you have completed your study of this
  chapter, you will be able to

Define the unemployment rate and other labor
market indicators.
Describe the trends and fluctuations in the
indicators of labor market performance in the
United States.
Describe the sources and types of unemployment,
define full employment, and explain the link
between unemployment and real GDP.
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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Current Population Survey
• Every month, the U.S. Census Bureau surveys
  50,000 households to establish the sex, age, and
  job market status of each member of the
  household.
• Working-age population
• Total number of people aged 16 years and over who
  are not in a jail, hospital, or some other form
  of institutional care.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• The working-age population is divided into those
  in the labor force and those not in the labor
  force.
• Labor force
• The number of people employed plus the number
  unemployed.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Population Survey Criteria
• The survey counts as employed all persons who,
  during the week before the survey
• 1. Worked at least 1 hour in a paid job or 15
  hours unpaid in family business.
• 2. Were did not work but who had jobs from which
  they were temporarily absent.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• The survey counts as unemployed all persons who,
  during the week before the survey
• 1. Had no employment
• 2. Were available for work,
• and either
• 1. Had made efforts to find employment during the
  previous four weeks, or
• 2. Were waiting to be recalled to a job from
  which they had been laid off.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Figure 21.1 shows population labor force
  categories.

The figure shows the data for June 2002.
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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Two Main Labor Market Indicators
• The unemployment rate
• The labor force participation rate
• Unemployment rate
• The percentage of people in the labor force who
  are unemployed.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Labor force participation rate
• The percentage of the working-age population who
  are members of the labor force.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Discouraged Workers
• Discouraged workers
• People available to work but have not made
  efforts to find a job within the previous 4
  weeks.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Part-Time Workers
• Full-time workers
• People who work 35 hours per week.
• Part-time workers
• People who work less than 35 hours per week.
• Involuntary part-time workers
• People working 1 to 34 hours per week and are
  seeking full-time work.

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21.1 LABOR MARKET INDICATORS

• Aggregate Hours
• The total number of hours worked by all the
  people employed during a year.
• In June 2002, 135 million people worked an
  average of 34.7 hours per week.
• In the year there are 50 workweeks, so aggregate
  hours in 2002 were 234.2 billion.

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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Unemployment

Figure 21.2 shows the U.S. unemployment rate
19622002
The average unemployment rate between 1962 and
2002 was 5.9 percent.
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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• The Participation Rate
• The participation rate increased from 59 percent
  during the 1960s to 67 percent during the 1990s.
• Between 1962 and 2002, the participation rate for
  women increased from 38 percent to 60 percent.
• Between 1962 and 2002, the participation rate for
  men decreased from 82 percent to 74 percent.

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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Figure 21.3 shows the changing face of the labor
  market.

The labor force participation rate of women has
increased.
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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• The labor force participation rate of men has
  decreased.

The average participation rate of both sexes
has increased.
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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Part-Time Workers
• Part-time work is attractive to workers because
  they
• Balance family with work
• Part-time work is attractive to employers
  because
• Benefits are not paid to part-time workers
• Less government regulation of part-time workers

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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Figure 21.4 shows part-time workers from 1972 to
  2002.

Part-time workers up from 16 percent of labor
force in 1972 to 17 percent in 2002.
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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• The figure also shows involuntary part-time
  workers.

Involuntary part-time work peaked during the 1982
recession.
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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Aggregate and Average Hours
• Between 1960 and 2000, the number of people
  employed doubled (up 105 percent) but aggregate
  hours increased by only 84 percent.
• The reason average hours per worker decreased.

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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Figure 21.5(a) shows aggregate hours 19622002

Between 1962 and 2002, aggregate hours increased
by an average of 1.5 percent a year.
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21.2 LABOR TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS

• Figure 21.5(b) shows average weekly hours from
  1962 to 2002.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Sources of Unemployment
• People who become unemployed are
• Job loserspeople who are laid off from their
  jobs
• Job leaverspeople who voluntarily quit their
  jobs
• Entrants and reentrantspeople who have just left
  school or who are now looking for a job after a
  period out of the labor force.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Figure 21.6 shows unemployment by reasons.

Job losers are the biggest group, and their
number fluctuates most.
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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• How Unemployment Ends
• People who end a period of unemployment are
  either
• Hires and recallspeople who have been hired in a
  new job or recalled after a temporary layoff.
• Withdrawalspeople who have stopped looking for
  jobs.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Figure 21.6 summarizes the labor market flows.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Job losers and job leavers become unemployed or
  leave the labor force.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Entrants and reentrants become unemployed or get
  jobs.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Unemployment ends when a person is hired or
  recalled.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• or when a person withdraws from the labor force.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Types of Unemployment
• Frictional unemployment
• The unemployment that arises from normal labor
  turnoverfrom people entering and leaving the
  labor force and from the ongoing creation and
  destruction of jobs.
• Structural unemployment
• The unemployment that arises when changes in
  technology or international competition change
  the skills needed to perform jobs or change the
  locations of jobs.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Seasonal unemployment
• The unemployment that arises because of seasonal
  weather patterns.
• Cyclical unemployment
• The fluctuating unemployment over the business
  cycle that increases during a recession and
  decreases during an expansion.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Duration and Demographics of Unemployment

Figure 21.8(a) compares the duration of
unemployment in 2000 with 1983
The average duration of unemployment varies over
the business cycle.
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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Duration and Demographics of Unemployment

The average unemployment rate was less in 2000
than in 1983.
The lower the average unemployment rate, the
shorter is the average duration of unemployment.
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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Figure 21.8(b) shows unemployment demographics.

Black unemployment is more than twice that of
white.
Teenage unemployment is three times that of
workers aged 20 and over.
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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Full Employment
• Full employment
• When there is no cyclical unemployment or,
  equivalently, when all the unemployment is
  frictional or structural.
• Natural unemployment rate
• The unemployment rate at full employment.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Unemployment and Real GDP
• Because the unemployment rate fluctuates around
  the natural rate, real GDP fluctuates around
  potential GDP.
• Potential GDP
• The level of real GDP that the economy would
  produce if it were at full employment.
• When the unemployment rate is above the natural
  rate, real GDP is below potential GDP.
• When the unemployment rate is below the natural
  rate, real GDP is above potential GDP.

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21.3 UNEMPLOYMENT

• Figure 21.9(a)shows the relationship between
  unemployment and real GDP.

As the unemployment rate fluctuates around the
natural rate unemployment (part a), real GDP
fluctuates around potential GDP (part b).