MOTIVATION

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MOTIVATION

• Fall 2006
• Foundations of Instructional Design and
  Technology

2
OVERVIEW

• Definition of Motivation
• History of Motivation
• John Kellers ARCS Model
• Class Activity
• Current Issues in the Study of Motivation
• The Future of Motivation

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DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION

• Motivation refers to a persons desire to pursue
  a goal or perform a task

Source Reiser, R.A. Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.)
(2002). Trends and issues in instructional design
and technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
Education
4
HISTORY OF MOTIVATION

• In the 1970s there were only 2 well-known
  considerations of motivation in instructional
  design
• Behavioral literature stating motivation occurs
  by deprivation
• It is necessary to gain students attention
  before they will learn

Source Reiser, R.A. Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.)
(2002). Trends and issues in instructional design
and technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
Education
5
HISTORY OF MOTIVATION

• John Kellers 1979 article, Motivation and
  instructional design A theoretical perspective,
  discussed
• The lack of attention to motivation in the
  instructional design literature
• Introduced an approach for integrating motivation
  into models of learning environment design

Source Reiser, R.A. Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.)
(2002). Trends and issues in instructional design
and technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
Education
6
JOHN KELLERS ARCS MODEL (1988)

• ARCS Model is used to address motivational appeal
  of instructional materials
• Attention- gaining and maintaining learner
  attention through instruction
• Relevance- relevant to the learners personal
  needs and goals
• Confidence- appropriate level of difficulty so
  that the learners are confident they can succeed
  if they try
• Satisfaction- in terms of rewards for their
  investments

Source Dick, W., Carey, L. Carey, J.O. (6th
Ed.) (2005). The Systematic Design of
Instruction. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
Education.
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JOHN KELLERS ARCS MODEL (1988)

• Attention
• Using emotional or personal information
• Asking questions (inquiry)
• Creating mental challenges
• Using human-interest examples
• Humor
• Variability
• Participation
• Relevance
• Experience
• Present worth
• Future usefulness
• Needs matching
• Modeling
• Choice

• Confidence
• Learning objectives and prerequisites
• Levels of difficulty
• Realistic expectations
• Learner control
• Increased learner independence
• Satisfaction
• Intrinsic reinforcement
• Extrinsic rewards
• Equity

Source Dick, W., Carey, L. Carey, J.O. (6th
Ed.) (2005). The Systematic Design of
Instruction. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
Education. And Dr. Wanjira Kinuthias IT 7100
class
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CLASS ACTIVITY

• Please divide yourselves into groups based upon
  your career. For example, teachers K-12 are in
  one group, corporate people in another, etc.
• Discussion
• Discuss in your groups what it is you do to
  motivate your learners.
• Activity
• Then create an activity for their learners that
  incorporates the 4 parts of Kellers ARCS model.
  Be prepared to present to the class. You have 10
  minutes.

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ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF MOTIVATION

• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic performing a task for
  the sake of doing it vs. performing a task for a
  means to an end
• Trait vs. State nonadaptive-enduring personality
  disposition vs. temporary to a situation
• Affective vs. Cognitive Domain Overall
  conceptual frame of reference, which domain?

Source Glynn, S.M, Aultman, L.P Owens, A.M
(2005). Motivation to Learn in General Education
Programs. The Journal of General Education 54
(2) 150-172.
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FUTURE TRENDS IN MOTIVATION

• Human performance technology (HPT)
• Further research on web-based instruction,
  computer-based instruction and distance learning
• Interest in understanding the affective
  components of motivation
• How to make the design process quick as well as
  effective
• Role of motivation in learning environments, that
  promotes learners self-development

Source Reiser, R.A. Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.)
(2002). Trends and issues in instructional design
and technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
Education
11
QUESTIONS ?
The End!!!