Introductory to Animal Classification

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• Baselines for Dogs and Cats
• A. Dogs
• 1. Puppies
• Respiration rate -- 15-30 / min
• Heart rate 200-250 (220) / min
• Temperature 96-97 (96.5)
• 2. Adult
• Respiration rate 10-30 / min
• Heart rate 60-160 (120) / min
• Temperature 101-102.5 (101.5)

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B. Cats 1. Kittens Respiration rate 15-35 /
min Heart rate 180-220 (200) / min Temperature
96-97 (96.5) / min
2. Adults Respiration rate 20-30 / min Heart
rate 160-240 ( 195) / min Temperature
101-102.5 (101.5) / min
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• II. First-aid for dogs and cats
• A. First-aid will never replace the veterinarian,
  but might be the difference between life and
  death.
• B. Have dogs and cats examined at least once a
  year. Twice if they are senior citizens. Keep
  their vaccinations up-to-date.
• C. Practice first-aid.
• D. Breathing
• 1. Normal respiration is through the nostrils.
• 2. Open mouth breathing is usually a sign of
  heat, stress, or cardiopulmonary disease.
• 3. Wheezing sound may be a restricted airway.
  Gurgling sounds indicate fluid.

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• E. Heart Rate
• 1. Normal heart rate depends on the size of the
  dog or cat, age, physical fitness, and emotional
  state.
• 2. Heart rate increases due to pyrexia or
  decrease in blood pressure (usually a result of
  internal hemorrhage)
• 3. How do you monitor the heart rate. Cat. Dog.
• 4. Cardiovascular collapse shock
• A. Four diagnostic tools for shock are gum color
  and capillary refill, mental status (alert,
  sluggish, comatose), heart rate, and body
  temperature.
• B. Fastest one is gum color and capillary refill.
• C. Three categories of medical shock emergencies

• 1. Hypovolemic shock hemorrhage, trauma, or
  dehydration (pale gums)
• 2. Low blood pressure central nervous system or
  anaphylaxis (pink and warm gums)
• 3. Septicemia shock due to infection (gums
  blanched and muddy color)

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Lay your dog or cat on her right side.
Bend her left front leg at the elbow.
Touch the elbow to your pet's chest. The area
where the elbow touches is where heartbeats are
best heard
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• F. Body temperature how do you best take it?
  Would you skip it if there is an emergency?
• G. Wounds
• 1. Types
• Lacerations
• Abrasions
• Punctures
• Abscesses
• Fractures
• Hematoma
• Sprains
• Embedded foreign object
• 2. Soap and water is still the best.
• 3. Always watch for Zoonotic diseases

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• III. Common infectious diseases affecting Dogs
  and Cats.

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• III. Common infectious diseases affecting Dogs
  and Cats. http//www.animalhealthchannel.com/
• A. Bacterial
• Borreliosis (Lyme disease) affects both dogs
  and humans. Infectious agent Borrelia
  burgdorferi
• Brucellosis Brucella canis in dogs, what about
  cats? Very very rare and through Brucella suis.
• Cat scratch disease -- This is a human disease.
  Bartonella henselae lives in about 60 of all
  cats. Can transfer to humans with a scratch or
  bite.
• Plague Cats are highly susceptible to Yersinia
  pestis, dogs rarely. Both bubonic and pneumonic.
  Vector the flea. Doing away with cats in the
  middle ages brought about the infestation of rats
  and fleas and the plague.
• Helicobacter infections about 90 of cats and
  85 of dogs have this bacteria in their stomach.
  It is Zoonotic and causes gastric ulcers in
  humans. The vector is the common house fly.
• I did not include the Salmonellas, Streptococcal,
  Clostridia, Campylobacter, and a host of other
  diseases under bacterial infections.
• B. Rickettsial
• Gram-negative intracellular bacteria

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• B. Rickettsial
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Salmon poisoning
  (dogs)
• C. Mycoplasma infections
• Smallest free living organism. Obtain nutrients
  from the surrounding area. Affect the mucus
  membranes.
• Main one in dogs and cats is Mycroplasma
  hemofelis which causes feline infectious anemia
• Attacks the red blood cells and can be seen on
  stained blood smears.

• D. Fungal infections
• Main one is dermatophytosis
• Ringworm

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• E. Viral Infections
• Largest group of infectious diseases in dogs and
  cats
• 1. There are 12 common viral infections in the
  dog and cat. These are mainly respiratory and
  intestine disorders.
• 2. List of some of the viral infections in Dogs
  and Cats
• FIP Feline infectious peritonitis
• Feline upper respiratory viruses (feline viral
  rhinotracheitis and feline calicivirus) Acts
  like the flu. Over in 5-10 days.
• Canine distemper A morbillivirus like Rubeola
  (Rubella)
• Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel
  cough)
• Feline panleukopenia virus (feline parvoviral
  enteritis)
• Canine parvoviral infection
• Rabies a rhabdovirus affecting the central
  nervous system
• 3. Some of the 12 common viruses have vaccines
  but they may not be 100 effective. Why is that?

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F. Zoonotic diseases associated with Cats --
Neisseria canis Pasteurella multocida Plague
(Yersinia pestis) Poxvirus Q-fever Rabies
Rickettsia felis Salmonellosis Scabies
Sporothrix schenckii Trichinosis Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis
Afipia felis Anthrax Bartonella (Rochalimaea)
henselae Bergeyella (Weeksella) zoohelcum
Brucella suis Campylobacteriosis
Capnocytophaga canimorsus Chlamydia psittici
(feline strain) Cowpox Cutaneous larva migrans
Dermatophytosis Dipylidium caninum
Leptospirosis
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F. Zoonotic diseases associated with Dogs
Anthrax Blastomycosis Bergeyella (Weeksella)
zoohelcum Brucella canis Campylobacteriosis
Capnocytophaga canimorsus Capnocytophaga
cynodegmi Cheyletiellosis Coenurosis
Cryptosporidiosis Cutaneous larva migrans
Dermatophytosis Dipylidium caninum
Echinococcosis Franscisella tularensis
Gastrospirillum hominus
Granulocytic ehrlichiosis Leptospirosis Lyme
disease (Borrelia burdorferi) Neisseria canis
Neisseria weaveri Pasteurella multocida Plague
(Yersinia pestis) Rabies Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever Salmonellosis Scabies Staphylococcus
intermedius Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichinosis Visceral larva migrans Yersinia
enterocolitica  
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Zoonoses and veterinary public health (VPH) Any
disease and/or infection which is naturally
"transmissible from vertebrate animals to man" is
classified as a zoonosis, according to the PAHO
publication "Zoonoses and communicable diseases
common to man and animals". Over 200 zoonoses
have been described and they are known since many
centuries. They involve all types of agents
bacteria, parasites, viruses and unconventional
agents.
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BacteriaEvery year millions of people get sick
because of foodborne zoonoses such as
Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis which cause
fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, malaise and
nausea. Other bacterial zoonoses are anthrax,
brucellosis, E. coli, leptospirosis, plague,
shigellosis and tularaemia.
ParasitesCysticercosis/Taeniasis caused by a
parasite which lives in swine and can causes
epilepsy, headache and many other symptoms. In
Latin America for example, 100 out of 100,000
inhabitants suffer from this disease
(estimation). Other parasitical zoonoses are
echinococcosis/hydatidosis, toxoplasmosis and
trematodosis.
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Rickettsial diseasesQ-fever is a disease of many
different animal species. The main sources of
human infection are affected domestic animals and
their products. Human patients can develop a
chronic illness characterized by endocarditis and
hepatitis
VirusesRabies which is a disease of carnivores
and bats mainly transmissible to humans by bites.
Almost all persons severely exposed to rabid
animals will die if not treated. An estimated
number of 55,000 persons, mainly children, die of
this disease in the world every year. Dogs are
responsible for most human deaths. Other viral
zoonoses are avian influenza, crimean-congo
haemorrhagic fever, ebola and rift valley fever.
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Unconventional agentsBovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy is thought to be the cause of
variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (vCJD) which is
a neurological disease different from CJD,
leading to death in humans.
Other important zoonoses are brucellosis and
echinococcosis/hydatidosis.
Zoonoses represent significant public health
threats, but many of them are neglected. They
are affecting hundred thousands of people
especially in developing countries. Most of them
can be prevented.
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Rickettsia A genus of motile, Gram-negative,
non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria
that can present as cocci, rods, or thread-like
(10 µm long). Obligate intracellular parasites,
the Rickettsia depend on entry, growth, and
replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic
host cells (typically endothelial cells). Because
of this, Rickettsia cannot live in artificial
nutrient environments and are grown either in
tissue or embryo cultures (typically, chicken
embryos are used). In the past they were
regarded as microorganisms positioned somewhere
between viruses and true bacteria. The majority
of Rickettsia bacteria are susceptible to
antibiotics of the tetracycline
group. Rickettsia species are carried as
parasites by many ticks, fleas, and lice, and
cause diseases such as typhus, rickettsialpox,
Boutonneuse fever, African Tick Bite Fever, Rocky
Mountain spotted fever, Australian Tick Typhus,
Flinders Island Spotted Fever and Queensland Tick
Typhus 2 in human beings. Like viruses, they
only grow inside living cells. They are thought
to be the closest living relatives to bacteria
that were the origin of the mitochondria
organelle that exists inside most eukaryotic
cells.
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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The recent discovery of another parallel between
Rickettsia and viruses may become a basis for
fighting HIV infection. Human immune response
to the scrub typhus pathogen, Orientia
tsutsugamushi rickettsia, appears to provide a
beneficial effect against HIV infection progress,
negatively influencing the virus replication
process. A probable reason for this actively
studied phenomenon is a certain degree of
homology between the rickettsia and the virus -
namely, common epitope(s) due to common genome
fragment(s) in both pathogens. Surprisingly,
the other infection reported to be likely to
provide the same effect (decrease in viral load)
is the virus-caused illness dengue fever.
An epitope, also know as antigenic determinant,
is the part of a macromolecule that is recognized
by the immune system, specifically by antibodies,
B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody
that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope.
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• G. Core vaccines for dogs (those used in a
  preventive program)
• Distemper
• Adenovirus/infectious
  canine
  hepatitis
• Parainfluenza
• Leptospirosis
• Parvovirus
• Coronavirus
• Rabies (12-16 weeks, 1 year)
• Puppy shots start at 6-8 wks
  

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• H. Core vaccines for cats
• Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR)
• Feline calicivirus (C)
• Feline panleukopenia virus (P)
• Rabies
• FVRCP is a one shot vaccine and should be started
  at 6-8 weeks, then every 2-4 week until the
  kitten is 16 weeks old, then at one year and
  three years of age.
• Rabies given at 12-16 weeks, one year and then
  every 1-3 years

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• IV. Pregnancy
• Fertilization occurs within the oviducts. 16
  cell morulae enter the uterus 8-10 days after
  fertilization. Implantation 17-21 days after.
• Ultrasound and radiographs confirm.

Nonpregnant tract
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Canine uterus 21 days
40 day gestation
Normal gestation 63 days aver