Introductory to Animal Classification

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I. Body of the Dog

• A. Nomenclature of parts

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Ear
Stop
Wither
Hip
Back
Loin
Nose
Cheek
Muzzle
Lip
Thigh
Shoulder
Brisket
Stifle
Forearm
Tail
Hock
Pastern
Carpus
Forefoot
Hind Foot
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• B. The shape of a dog is determined by three
  major structures head, body and legs
  
• C. The Head
• 1. Two basic shapes of the head narrow skull
  with a long face and a wide skull with a short
  face.

Boston Terrier
Border Collie
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• 2. Long face dogs can have as much as eight
  inches from eye to nose. Short face dogs can be
  as little as an inch.
  
• 3. Teeth
• 42 total (21/side)
• 6 pair incisor (3/3)
• 2 pair canine (1/1)
• 4 pair premolar (4/4)
• Molars (2/3)

GO
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• Aging of the Dog by its teeth
• 1. Very hard to do, but is the only good guess
  there is.
  
• 2. Basic rule of thumb
• A. No teeth at birth to three weeks. Eruption of
  the temporary incisors and the canines occur
  
• B. Three months temporary incisors are well
  worn
  
• C. Six months Permanent incisors erupt. All
  fresh and new
  
• D. 15 months lower central incisors wear.
• E. Two years the cusps disappear
• F. Three years intermediate lower cusps
  disappear.
  
• G. Four years The upper central cusps
  disappear. And about this time the teeth become
  yellowish and usually have tartar,
  
• H. At five years all incisors are worn. After
  five years, it is very difficult to tell.
  Graying of the muzzle starts about this time and
  develops rapidly from the sixth year.

return
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The canine heart is a two-sided, four-chambered
structure with muscular walls. An
atrioventricular (AV) valve separates each
auricle from ventricle. A semilunar (also known
as arterial) valve separates each ventricle from
its connecting artery. The heart beats or contr
acts approximately 70 times per minute. The
(human heart) will undergo over 3 billion
contraction cycles, during a normal lifetime. The
cardiac cycle consists of two parts systole
(contraction of the heart muscle) and diastole
(relaxation of the heart muscle). Atria contract
while ventricles relax. The pulse is a wave of
contraction transmitted along the arteries.
Valves in the heart open and close during the
cardiac cycle.
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• 4. Nasal passages
• Dogs sense of smell is very acute, having as many
  as 45 times the olfactory receptors as the
  human.
  
• Dogs can smell odors at concentrations 100
  million times lower than humans (one drop of
  blood in five quarts of water). 220 million
  receptors, 5 million.
• When the dog breaths normally the air does not
  pass over the olfactory receptors.
  
• The nasal cavity is made up of nares, nostrils,
  olfactory receptors, nasal turbinates, sinus,
  tonsils, hard and soft palate and pharynx.

Dogs use the sense of smell to decode the daily
messages place on sidewalks, telephone poles,
fire hydrants, people, clothing, etc.
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• An additional olfactory organ is located above
  the roof of the mouth in the dog. This is called
  the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson's gland).
  
• This organ is pair of fluid filled sacs and
  connected to the nasal and mouth by the
  nasopalatine canal located behind the upper front
  teeth.
• This organ is important in sexual, feeding and
  social behaviors. Its this gland that allows
  tracking dogs to detect scents at 10 to the minus
  12 molar.
• http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/01/01
  12_060112_dog_cancer.html

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• 5. Vocalization in dogs (dog talk).
• A basic question about hounds baying a form of
  communication.
  
• http//www.coondawgs.com/
• Most dogs have three vocal sounds (and many body
  language positions)
  
• Barking
• Growling
• Whimpering
• Vocalization comes from the Larynx just below the
  pharynx.
  
• Epiglottis
• Glottis vibration producing the sound.
• 6. Tongue
• Very thin structure with three functions
• Movement of food to the throat
• Cleaning the coat
• Perspiration (through panting)

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• 7. Ear (External, Middle and Inner)
• External ear made up of the pinna and external
  auditory meatus (me-a-tus) which terminates at
  the tympanic membrane.
  
• Middle ear small air-filled cavity in the
  skull. Opening of the Eustachian tube from the
  pharynx equalizing pressure on the ear drum.
  The middle ear is the location of three tiny
  bones called the auditory ossicles, commonly
  referred to as the hammer (malleus), anvil
  (incus), and stirrup (stapes)
• Inner ear consists of the semicircular canals
  (used for balance) and the labyrinthine cochlea
  (snail-shell shaped), and the organ of corti
  which conducts the sound impulse to the brain.

Dogs can detect sound inaudible to humans. Up to
40,000 cps humans only 20,000
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The ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to
the inner ear, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
Also commonly referred to by the equivalent Latin
terms malleus, incus, and stapes.
The malleus articulates with the incus and is
attached to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), from
which vibrational energy is passed.
The incus is connected to both the other bones.
The stapes articulates with the incus and is
attached to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis,
the elliptical or oval window or opening between
the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner
ear.
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• 8. The Eye
• Globes are located in a bony structure called the
  orbit.
  
• The upper and lower eyelid provides protection.
  
  
• Dogs have a third eyelid called a nictitating
  membrane or haw. Its purpose is to cover the
  eye when blinking occurs and contributes to tear
  production.
• Plica semilunaris
• The nasolacrimal duct drains the eye from excess
  tears.
  
• The anterior portion of the eye is the cornea,
  where as the white of the eye is the sclera. The
  iris is the colored part of the eye and functions
  to allow exacting amounts of light to enter the
  eye.

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• The lens focuses the light on the retina. The
  retina has sensitive nervous tissue and rods and
  cones.
  
• Dog has two types of pigment in the back of the
  eye tapetum lucidum and tapetum nigrum.
  (Ta-pe-tum)
  
• Tapetum lucidum reflects unabsorbed light back
  causing eye shine red eye in humans Night
  eye reflection.
  
• Sensory cells of the retina are rods and cones.
  Rods transmit black and white images.
  
• Cones transmit color wavelengths and in the dog
  these are yellow, green and blue.

Nerve impulses generated by the rods and cones
pass through the optic nerve to the brain for
interpretation.
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• 9. The Brain
• Cerebrum -- largest part of the brain. Decision
  making , reasoning, and memory part
  
• Cerebellum coordination, eating, vocalization,
  posture, walking and running.

Diencephalon inner brain including the Thalamus
and Hypothalamus.
Rhinencephalon the olfactory part of the fore
brain.
Brainstem Pons, medulla oblongata
respiration, reflexes, etc.
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Dogs 81 plus