Emissions Quantification Workshop

1
Emissions Quantification Workshop

• for Canadian Chemical Producers Association
• Montreal - Toronto - Edmonton
• February 2004
• presented by
• Levelton Consultants Ltd.

2
Welcome

• Introductions CCPA, presenters, participants
• Health Safety
• Workshop format
• presentations - informal
• questions / discussion
• breaks, lunch, timing
• closing 430

3
Workshop objective

• To improve CCPA members ability to quantify
  emissions from facilities for reporting to NERM,
  NPRI, O. Reg. 127, AENV, etc.
• Overview of reporting requirements to provide
  context assume participants know the
  requirements

4
Agenda

• Introduction
• Overview of Emission Reporting Programs and
  Requirements
• Emission Sources and Pollutants of Concern
• General Methodologies for Emissions Quantification

5
Agenda (contd)

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Individual
  Species
• Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs)
• Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
• Quantification of Other Sources
• Quality Assurance / Quality Control
• Closing

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Focus and format of todays workshop

• overview of reporting requirements to provide
  context - refer to program documents for details
• focus on methods for quantifying emissions from
  chemical facilities
• identification of resources to help facilities
  with emissions quantification
• use of illustrative examples, case study
• interactive discussion gtgt questions

7
Guideline for Quantifying Emissions from Chemical
Facilities(draft)
8
How can this workshop help you?

• your role / responsibility in emissions
  quantification
• your expectations for this workshop
• your particular areas of interest

9
Emission Inventories and Their Role in
Responsible Care

• Responsible Care requires
• an awareness and public communication of all
  emissions to the environment
• a program to reduce emissions which are of health
  and environmental concern

10
Overview of Emission Reporting Programs and
Requirements
11
NPRI

• implemented in 1993
• constantly evolving
• covers releases to all media and transfers for
  disposal / recovery / recycling
• annual notice in Canada Gazette, Part 1
• reporting criteria based on employee threshold,
  mass thresholds, concentration threshold, sector-
  or activity-specific
• as of 2003 reporting year, 323 reportable
  substances or groups of substances

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Release and Transfers

• on-site pollutant releases to
• air
• water
• land ( including spills, leaks, other)
• final disposal
• on-site (landfill, land treatment underground
  injection)
• off-site (landfill, land treatment, underground
  injection and storage)
• off-site transfers for treatment prior to final
  disposal
• off-site transfers for recycling and energy
  recovery

15
Ontario Regulation 127

• commenced in 2001
• air contaminants only
• 3 Substances Lists
• Table 2A 11 contaminants comprised of CACs and
  GHGs w/ release-based reporting thresholds
• Table 2B 76 contaminants w/ graded MPO reporting
  thresholds
• Table 2C all contaminants on NPRI list w/ same
  reporting thresholds

16
Alberta

• Alberta facilities regulated by approvals under
  Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement
  Act are required to report emissions
• Alberta Environment and Environment Canada
  developing a framework for cooperation for the
  collection of CAC emissions data
• NPRI commenced CAC emissions data collection in
  2002 on behalf of Alberta Environment
• NOx and SO2 thresholds are 10 tonnes per year

17
NERM

• developed in 1991 to meet the Responsible Care
  code elements regarding emissions and wastes,
  risk reduction and public right-to-know
• uses the definitions, thresholds and criteria
  adopted for the NPRI and OMOE Reg. 127 as a
  minimum requirement
• companies are encouraged to report all emissions
  of any substances that they or their community
  consider to be of health or environmental concern

18
NERM (contd)

• more comprehensive list of substances than NPRI
  OMOE Reg.127
• As NPRI and OMOE add new substances and/or
  reporting requirements, these are incorporated in
  NERM - in many cases the new substances are
  already on NERM substances list
• longer emissions projection reporting (5 versus 3
  years)

19
Other Programs in the U.S., North America

• U.S. EPA
• Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
• National Emission Inventory (NEI)
• North American Commission for Environmental
  Cooperation (CEC)
• Taking Stock
• (North American Pollutant
• Releases and Transfers)

20
Total EmissionsNERM vs. NPRI
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2002 Emission Inventories
CCPA Context
22
2002 NERM Emissions

• Canada

• Quebec

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2002 NERM Emissions by Media

• Canada

• Quebec

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2002 Emission Inventories
CCPA Context
25
2002 NERM Emissions

• Canada

• Ontario

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2002 NERM Emissions by Media

• Canada

• Ontario

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2002 Emission Inventories
CCPA Context
28
2002 NERM Emissions

• Canada

• Alberta

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2002 NERM Emissions by Media

• Canada

• Alberta

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Review of Reportable Substances and Emission
Sources
31
Substances and Issues

• list of NERM reportable substances has grown each
  year
• substances are categorized based on several
  health and environmental issues
• toxic substances
• smog - air quality
• climate change - greenhouse gases
• ozone depleting substances
• water quality

32
Toxic Substances

• CEPA 99 toxic - Schedule 1, PSL Toxic
• substances of special concern
• dioxins/furans
• hexachlorobenzene
• PAHs
• mercury
• carcinogens
• IARC Groups 1 and 2A
• benzene
• 1,3-butadiene

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Smog - air quality

• Criteria air contaminants (CACs) and their role
  as precursor emissions (smog, ozone, secondary
  particulate, acidic deposition, visibility
  impairment)
• VOCs
• NOx
• SOx
• Particulate (total, PM10, PM2.5)
• CO

ozone, its precursors, and precursors to
secondary particulate formation have been
declared CEPA-toxic, as of 2003
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Climate Change

• greenhouse gases and global climate change issues
• six greenhouse gases (for which targets exist
  under the Kyoto Protocol)
• carbon dioxide, CO2
• methane, CH4
• nitrous oxide, N2O
• other greenhouse gases

- hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs - perfluorocarbons,
PFCs - sulphur hexafluoride, SF6
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Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
• chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs
• hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFCs
• carbon tetrachloride, CCl4
• methyl chloroform, MCF

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Releases and Transfers
accidental releases, spills
stack discharges
fugitive emissions
wastewater sources
loading operations
storage
transfers to off-site disposal
on-site disposal
off-site transfers for recycling, energy recovery
off-site transfers for treatment
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General Methodologies for Emissions Quantification
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Emissions Estimation Methodologies

• Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEMs)
• Predictive and Parametric Emission Monitoring
  (PEMs)
• Source Testing (Stack Sampling)
• Mass Balance
• Emission Models
• Emission Factors
• Engineering Estimates

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Comparison of Methodologies
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Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs)

• measures contaminant concentration and stack gas
  flowrate on a continuous basis
• may require certification and adherence to
  stringent protocols
• most accurate
• comparatively expensive

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Predictive Emission Monitoring (PEMs)

• hybrid of continuous monitors, emission factors
  and testing
• develops a mathematical relationship between
  emissions and some measurable operating
  parameters (e.g. fuel use)
• more accurate than stack tests if based on data
  that reflect the range of actual operating
  conditions
• less expensive than CEMs
• requires a measurable and reliable predictor

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Source Testing

• snapshot of source emissions during test period
• collects a volume of the stack gas and measures
  the corresponding exhaust flow rates, moisture
  content, temperature and other parameters
• normally follows standard test methods (e.g. from
  U.S. EPA)
• often used to demonstrate compliance with air
  permit requirements
• must be performed under representative operating
  conditions
• extrapolation of a few hours testing to annual
  emissions

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Mass Balance

• applies the law of conservation of mass
• mass balance equation
  Min
  Mout Maccumulated/depleted
• requires detailed facility data such as MSDS,
  fuel analysis, production records and knowledge
  of chemical transformation in process streams
• preferred method for operations involving
  materials which contain solvents (e.g. surface
  coating, degreasing, solvent cleaning, printing)
• reliability depends on source type

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Emission Models

• algorithms or correlations developed to estimate
  emissions
• available for some industry sectors or specific
  equipment from process designers, government
  agencies and others
• requires detailed data input such as equipment
  specifications and process conditions
• U.S. EPA TANKS, Water9, others

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Emission Factors

• relates emissions from a given source to some
  activity associated with the source
• general equation
• Ex BQ CEFx or
• Ex BQEFx (1-CEx)

Where E emission BQ base quantity CEF
controlled emission factor EF emission factor
(uncontrolled) CE control efficiency
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Emission Factors (contd)

• site/process/industry specific
• available from government agencies, industry
  associations and others (e.g. U.S. EPA AP-42,
  FIRE database, EPA Locating Estimating report
  series)
• emission factors derived from testing of
  representative sources - are these representative
  of your facility?
• EPA factors are rated from A to E
• CCPA recommends using C or better
• D and E rated factors should be used with
  caution, with work undertaken to improve the
  estimate

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Engineering Estimates

• emissions estimated from engineering principles,
  judgement and site-specific knowledge
• knowledge of the chemical and physical processes
  involved
• design feature of source
• understanding of the applicable physical and
  chemical laws
• reliability of estimates depends on complexity of
  process and understanding of its emission
  characteristics

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Choosing Your Methodology

• different methods work better for different
  sources
• all of the methods will be improved by applying
  site-specific information
• compare results from different methods
• good record-keeping is essential
• keep methods updated