Smoking

1
Smoking
Rishi Arya, Sonia Devaneson, Nick Gray, Ashley
Russell, and Hailey Spalding
2
History

• First cultivated in the Western Hemisphere, used
  for toothache, snakebite, pains, skin disease,
  rituals
• Spread to Europe around 1500 (medicinal use,
  stimulant, relaxant, mild euphoriant)
• 1600s spread to Asia
• Original method of use--smoking.

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History

• In 1884, the automatic cigarette rolling machine
  invented ?major health problem.
• cheap cost
• campaigns against chewing and spitting
• milder strain of tobacco allowed people to inhale
  more deeply
• encouragement for dieters, women, and children to
  smoke

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History

• Shift in 1965 with the Surgeon Generals
  statement about the ill effects, decline in usage
  since (US)

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Tobacco effects on the body
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Pharmacology

• 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, 400 of which are
  toxins, 43 of which are carcinogens including
  tar.

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Nicotine

• Properties
• Colorless, bitter, smelly, poisonous
• Smoking gets nicotine to brain in 5-10 sec.

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Nicotine--Neuro

• CNS stimulant disrupts AcH, Epinephrine,
  Dopamine, and Endorphins
• AcH affects heart rate, bp, memory, learning,
  mental acuity, reflexes, aggression, sleep, and
  sexual activity. Nicotine mimics AcH, fits into
  receptors, creates more sites.
• Epinephrine stimulates Autonomic NS (motivation,
  hunger, attention span, confidence, alertness,
  physical energy).
• Dopamine release ? satisfaction calm
• Endorphins block pain messages (feel good
  chemicals)

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Nicotine

• Biological Effects
• Suppresses appetite and increases metabolism
• Want to maintain nicotine levels to avoid
  withdrawal negative reinforcement
• Relief of craving ? Pleasure
• Rapid tolerance only a few hours of smoking are
  needed before the body begins to adjust

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Nicotine

• More Biological Effects
• Withdrawal ? headaches, nervousness, fatigue,
  hunger, irritability, poor concentration, sleep
  disturbances, intense craving
• AcH/Nicotine receptors are created after using ?
  restlessness, irritability discontent once a
  the drug is stopped (receptors need more).
• Most addictive drug 9/10 smokers want to stop
  but cannot
• May be a genetic predisposition as well

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Nicotine

• Effects
• Death for smokers and second hand smokers
• Can take up to 20-40 years before effects are
  lethal

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Nicotine

• More Effects
• Immediate side effects coughing, dizziness, bad
  breath, lower lung capacity, lower energy,
  decreased sense of smell
• Intermediate effects breathing problems, poor
  circulation
• Fetal effects ? birth rate, ? SIDS, ?
  miscarriage, kids are more likely to have ADHD,
  Conduct Disorder, and/or Drug Dependence

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Nicotine

• Even MORE effects.
• Also psychological effects (e.g. routine,
  confidence)
• Teens who start smoking early can do permanent
  genetic damage to lung cells permanently more
  susceptible to lung cancer, even after quitting.

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Benefits from Quitting

• A number of beneficial physiologic changes that
  occur on quitting are the following
• Within 36 hours, carbon monoxide levels return to
  normal.
• Within 48 hours, nerve endings adjust to the
  absence of nicotine and the senses of smell and
  taste come back
• Within 7 days, the risk of heart attack drops,
  breathing improves, and constricted blood vessels
  begin to relax

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More Benefits

• Within two weeks to three months, circulation
  improves, lung function increases up to 30, and
  the complexion looks healthy again
• Within 1-9 months, fatigue, coughing, sinus
  congestion, and shortness of breath decreases and
  the lungs increase their ability to handle mucus,
  thereby helping to clean themselves and reduce
  infection
• Within 5 years, the heart disease death rate
  returns to the rate of nonsmokers

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Even More Benefits

• Within 10 years, the lung cancer death rate drops
  almost to the rate of nonsmokers, precancerous
  cells are replaced, and the incidence of other
  cancers decreases
• Within 10-15 years, the risk to all major
  diseases caused by smoking decreases to nearly
  that of those who have never smoked

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Smoking Statisticswww.thetruth.com

• Every day, about 1,500 youth become daily
  smokers.
• Every day, about 3,900 youth ages 12 to 17 try a
  cigarette for the first time.
• 63 of high school smokers say they want to quit.
  
• In 1984, a tobacco company called young adults
  replacement smokers.
• In 1985, a tobacco brainstorming session came up
  with the idea of reaching their younger adult
  smokers in candy stores.
• About 1/3 of youth smokers will eventually die
  from a tobacco-related disease.
• As late as 1999, tobacco companies placed
  in-store advertising signage at a childs eye
  level.

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Why do teens smoke?

• Peer pressure
• Curious
• Stressed-out
• To be rebellious
• To feel sophisticated
• They enjoy smoking

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Diseases from Smoking
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Cancer

• Cancer is the development of abnormal cells that
  grow out of control and form lumps called tumors.
  There are two types of tumors - benign and
  malignant.

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Effects of Smoking

• Smoking tobacco
• -Related to more than two dozen diseases and
  conditions.
• -Effects on nearly every organ of the
  body and reduces overall health.
• -Leading cause of preventable death

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Lung Cancer

• Cigarette smoking is the single most cause of
  lung cancer, accounting for 85 of all new cases
  of lung cancer.
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer
  deaths.
• Cigarette smoke inhibits and damages the lungs
  and Smoke destroys an important cleansing layer
  in the lungs, which in turn causes a build-up of
  mucus.
• Cancer-producing particles in cigarette smoke are
  able to remain lodged in the mucus and develop
  into cancer tumors.

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Reducing the Risk of Lung Cancer

• People who quit smoking reduce the risk of
  developing lung cancer compared with those who
  continue to smoke.
• The risk levels among long-term (10 years)
  ex-smokers approaches those of non-smokers.
• Fewer than 10 of people with primary lung cancer
  are alive 5 years after diagnosis.

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Bronchitis and Emphysema

• These are the two common lung diseases
  specifically associated with smoking.
• Chronic bronchitis
• - the production of excess mucus in our lungs
  and causes problems in absorbing oxygen. The
  excess mucus impairs breathing and is usually
  associated with constant coughing, which is a
  natural mechanism that removes particles from our
  lungs.
• Emphysema,
• -often called "lung rot", is a degenerative
  disease. It shows up as shortness of breath - a
  feeling of breathlessness accompanying any
  movement or exertion.

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Mouth Disease

• Smoking, whether it's cigarettes, cigars or
  pipes, increases the risk of cancer on the lips,
  in the mouth.
• Depending on the number of cigarettes smoked,
  cigarette smokers are six times more likely to
  die from different mouth related cancers
• The most common places where oral cancer
  forms is on the tongue, the gums, or the floor
  of the mouth

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Heart Disease

• Smoking contributes to a form of heart disease
  called cardiovascular disease.
• Cardiovascular disease
• -is diseases and injuries of the heart, the
  blood vessels of the heart, and the system of
  blood vessels.
• The fundamental problem
• -is the supply of oxygen and the nutrients
  carried by our blood are constricted or blocked.
  This injures our heart muscles.
• Smoking, or even exposure to second-hand smoke,
  makes the heart work harder by decreasing the
  oxygen.

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Risk Factors

• Peer Influence
• Family Impact
• Ethnic Group Differences
• - Differences between Caucasians, African
  Americans, Asians, and Hispanics
• Gender
• - Who does it affect more

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Other Risk Factors

• Media
• - Huge advertising industry stressing the
  
• benefits of smoking
• - Effectiveness of anti-smoking ads
• Level of education
• SES
• -Differences between low and high SES
  (including effect of poor schools and bad
  neighborhoods)

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References

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