Morphology

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Morphology

• Indv101
• Section 7
• 10/3/2005
• Rong Liu

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Review questions

• 1.How do we classify words? Define and give
  examples.
• 2. What is a morpheme? How is it different from a
  word? What are the 4 different ways of
  classifying morphemes? What are the differences?
  Give examples.
• 3. How do new words enter a language? Provide
  one example for each.

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1.How do we classify words? Define and give
examples.

• Content words (open class )
• noun, verb, adjective, adverb
• function words (closed class )
• prepositions, articles, conjunctions etc.
• on, of, the, although, at etc.

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• Underline function words (closed class) in the
  following sentence.
• Thus, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit
  that has a meaning or grammatical function.
• Thus, a, is, the, that, a, or.

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2.

• A ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of a
  language.
• morpheme
• Classification
• C1)free morphemes vs Bound morphemes
• Test Given a morpheme,can it stand alone as a
  word?
• YES          it's a free morpheme (e.g., bubble)
• NO            it's a bound morpheme (e.g., -er in
  beater, -s in oranges)

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C2)Inflectional or derivational morphemes?

• Morphemes that change the meaning or part of
  speech of a word they attach to are called _____
  morphemes.
• The morphemes that serve a purely grammatical
  function, never creating a new word but only a
  different form of the same word, are called
  _______ morphemes.
• Test Does it create a new word by changing the
  meaning or part of speech or both?
• YES            it's a derivational m (e.g., re-
  in rewind, -ist in artist)
• NO             it's an inflectional m (e.g., -est
  in smartest)

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C3)stem(root) or affix?

• Test Does it have the principal meaning of the
  word it's in?
• YES            it's the stem (e.g., happy in
  unhappiness)
• NO             it's an affix (e.g., -un and -ness
  in unhappiness)

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C4)Content or function morpheme?

• Test Does it have a meaning or cause a change in
  meaning when added to a word?
•  
• YES            it's a content morpheme (e.g., un-
  in untrue)
• NO             it's a function morpheme (e.g., -s
  in books)

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Practice 1

• unhappiest
• Whats the root?
• What are the bound morphemes?
• Are they derivational or inflectional?
• What are their functions?

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unhappiest

• Whats the root?
• happy
• What are the bound morphemes?
• Are they derivational or inflectional?
• un- (derivational) -est (inflectional)
• What are their functions?
• un- change meaning to opposite
• -est change meaning to superlative

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thickeners

• Root?
• Bound morphemes?
• inflectional or derivational?
• Function?
• thick (root/free) -en (b and d)
• -er (b and d) -s (b and i)

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antidisestablishmentarianism

• Whats the root?
• What are the bound morphemes?
• Are they derivational or inflectional?
• What are their functions?

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antidisestablishmentarianism

• What are the bound morphemes?
• anti- (der.) chg. meaning against
• dis- (der.) chg. meaning not
• -ment (der.) chg. to noun (thing)
• -arian (der.) chg to noun (person)
• -ism (der.) chg. to noun(philosophy)

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3.How do new words enter a language? Provide one
example for each.

• ''The problem with defending the purity of the
  English language is that English is about as pure
  as a cribhouse whore. We don't just borrow words
  on occasion, English has pursued other languages
  down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle
  their pockets for new vocabulary.'' (James
  Nicoll, 1990)

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• 1) derivation Hallmarky
• 2) compounding download
• 3) clipping dormitory dorm
• 4) blending and clipping brunch
• 5) generification kleenex
• 6) borrowing Tofu, Kungfu, mahjong
• 7) morphological misanalysis chocoholic
• 8) dictionary dolarization
• 9) acronyms USA

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Practice 2T or F

• 1. Words are the basic meaningful elements of a
  language.
• 2. A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit
  that has a meaning or grammatical function.
• 3. Morphology is the study of how sounds are
  structured and how they are put together.
• 4. In English, bound morphemes are also referred
  to as affixes.
• 5. Morphemes that change the meaning or part of
  speech of a word they attach to are called
  inflectional morphemes.

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Practice 2

• 6. In English, every word has at least one free
  morpheme.
• 7. In English all inflectional morphemes are
  suffixes.
• 8. The ending sounds in played and kicked belong
  to the same morpheme.
• 9. English plural marker has three sound
  realizations but they belong to one morpheme.
• 10. The process of making a new word orientate
  from orientation is called clipping.