MORPHOLOGY

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MORPHOLOGY

• 26th February
• II lecture

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Todays (wishful) plan

• What is a word?
• Word-forms
• Lexemes
• Grammatical words
• Inflectional and derivational morphology
• What are words made up of?
• Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs
• Free and bound morphemes
• Phonaesthemes and onomatopoeia
• How languages treat words and morphemes
• Isolating
• Agglutinating
• Inflecting - synthetic
• Polysynthetic languages

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What is a word?

• Intuitive notion
• writing is easy orthographic words
• Most kids went to school yesterday, but my kid
  didnt go, he stayed at home with a stomachache.
• What about speech? Hm

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more

• Word in one language is not a word in another
• Paiute Wu-to-kuchum-punku-rugani-yugwi-va-ntu-mu
• they who are going to sit and cut up with a
  knife a black bull
• Turkish everinde in their house
• Serbian vladah I used to rule
• English easy-to-use dishes

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• set of criteria by which we can diagnose an item
  as a word a phonological word
• Content words and function words
• Stress pattern
• Ordering of elements within a word or a phrase
  (doctors bag, the bag of the doctor)
• Morphological conditioning (ox oxen)
• phonotactic rules

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Word forms and lexemes

• Most kids went to school yesterday, but my kid
  didnt go, he stayed at home with a stomachache.
• Kid child - lexeme
• Kids, kid representation word form
• Go meaning to move - lexeme
• Go, went representation word form

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• Write write, writes, writing, wrote, written
• Smart smart, smarter, smartest
• Cat cat, cats
• Good good, better, best

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• A word-form can belong to different lexemes
  homonyms (serve)
• If only the phonemic representation is the same
  homophones (hoarse, horse)
• Polysemy closely related meanings of the same
  word-form (force)
• Context, ambiguity, relevance

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Grammatical words

• Words from grammatical perspective
• Morpho-syntacitc words
• Representations (word-forms) of lexemes which
  fill in a certain syntactic place
• I saw the sheriff after I had seen the deputy.
• Syncretism You hit me.

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Morphology

• Inflectional
• Child, children
• Break, broke, broken
• (word-forms, paradigms)

• Derivational
• Child-childhood
• Nation - nationalize

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Morpheme, morph, allomorph

• UNTOUCHABLES
• un-touch-able-s
• un negation
• touch meaning
• -able assigns the quality of X
• -s the marker of plurality

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• MORPHEME the minimal unit of grammatical
  analysis
• Morphemes are realized as MORPHS, either as a
  phonetic or orthographic form
• MORPH is a segment of a word-form which
  represents a particular morpheme

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• This cow is eating grass.
• These cows are eating hay.
• Can you substitute cow with cows?
• What about sheep?
• WAS cannot be segmented, but it is a morpheme
  BE PRETERITE (past tense) SIGULAR at the same
  time
• PORTMANTEAU MORPH
• Think about radila raditipastfemininesingula
  r
• Stolovima?

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ALLO what?

• ALLOMORPHS!
• Phonologically, lexically or grammatically
  conditioned realizations of the same morph
• Books, churches, boys
• imperfect, irregular, illiterate
• Books vs. oxen
• Article in German (conditioned by the gender of
  the noun)

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Free and Bound

• Free morphs can occur in isolation (can also be
  word-forms)
• Bound morphs can only occur in conjunction with
  at least one other morph

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• Blender
• Happiness
• Unhappy
• Unbelievably
• Denationalization
• Volim
• nismo

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