PRONOUNS II

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PRONOUNS II

• The bit I forgot!
• With many apologies

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• In these slides I will go through the questions
  as they are presented in the course compendium
  and try to answer each one as clearly as
  possible, with references to numbers in
  Gleerups Grammar.

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Question 1- 206-209

• Who for people, singular or plural
• As the subject of a clause, e.g.
• This is my daughter who plays football.
• Informally also as the object, e.g.
• This is the man who we met last week.

4

• Whom - for people, singular or plural.
• Formally, as the object of a clause, e.g.
• This is the woman whom we met earlier.

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• Which singular or plural, not people.
• Last night I ate salmon which I had caught
  myself.
• Which can also be used to refer back to a whole
  clause, e.g.
• They speak fluent Swahili, which is rather
  unusual in Sweden.

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• That can refer to people and things, e.g.
• This is the man that we met last week.
• Last night I ate salmon that I had caught
  myself.
• Cannot come straight after a preposition, so the
  preposition has to come at the end, e.g.
• Is this the rule that weve heard so much about?

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• That can only be used in restrictive relative
  clauses (nödvändig relativbisats).
• Which is used instead in non-restrictive
  relative clauses (icke-nödvändig relativbisats).
• The difference between these will be clear in
  Question 3

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Question 2 - 206

• Whom (slide 4) is obligatory in one situation,
  namely after prepositions, e.g.
• To whom it may concern.
• For Whom the Bell Tolls.
• (A line from a poem by John Donne, a novel by
  Ernest Hemingway and, of course, a song by
  Metallica).

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Question 3 - 208

• The woman who lives in the flat next to us lost
  her daughter in a car crash.
• The part above in bold and italics is a
  restrictive relative clause nödvändig
  relativbisats. The information is necessary.
• Note - there are no commas!

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• That woman, who is a famous writer, lost her
  daughter in a car crash.
• This time, the information in bold and italics
  is not necessary. This is a non-restrictive
  relative clause icke-nödvändig relativbisats.
• Note the commas here!

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Whats the difference?

• a) My husband who is Swedish plays the guitar.
• b) My husband, who is Swedish, plays the guitar.
• In a) the implication is that I have a number of
  husbands of different nationalities and I have to
  make it clear which one I mean!
• In b) the fact that he is Swedish is just extra
  information.

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Question 4 - 215

• What is an open question which is limited.
• What is your mother tongue?
• Any language could be accepted as an answer.
• Which is your mother tongue? English or Gaelic?
• You have a limited choice.

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• What is your name?
• This is an open question, so any name could come
  up.
• Which is your name? Cecilia or Mikaela?
• The questioner knows it is one or the other of
  the names.

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Question 5 - 216

• This can cause trouble for Swedes as som in
  indirect questions does not have an equivalent in
  English.
• Jag vet inte hur många som kommer.
• The direct question in Swedish would have been
• Hur många kommer? No som.

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• In English
• I dont know how many are coming.
• The direct question
• How many are coming?
• How to get it right? Put it into a direct
  question no som in Swedish, therefore no who in
  English!

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Question 6 - 219

• Ett sådant vackert hus! this is easy in
  English
• What a lovely house!
• Or
• Such a lovely house!
• Because house is a countable noun we can use the
  article!

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• Ett sådant vackert hår!
• Be careful with this one! What a lovely hair!
  means one strand of hair.
• Instead we need to say What lovely hair! or
  Such lovely hair!
• Hair is non-countable here so we dont use the
  article.

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Question 8 - 221

• Can I get you something?
• Has something happened to Michelle?
• We expect a positive/yes answer to a some-
  question.
• Can you tell me anything about Shakespeare?
  means that we expect a no-answer that the
  speaker doesnt expect the other person to know
  very much!

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• If youre in someones house in Britain and they
  ask
• Would you like some more tea/coffee?
• Say yes, please!
• However, if they ask
• Would you like any more coffee? Theyre politely
  asking you to leave!

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• I dont agree with some of his ideas.
• This means that there are some ideas I do agree
  with.
• I dont agree with any of his ideas.
• This means that there are no ideas of his that I
  agree with.

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Question 9 - 221

• Finns det någon restaurang i närheten?
• Restaurant is a singular countable noun and in
  English has to have the indefinite article.
• Is there a restaurant nearby?
• In Swedish you can replace någon with en, so
  this can be a good example to remember.

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• Finns det något smör kvar?
• In this example, butter is a singular
  non-countable noun so we cant use the indefinite
  article and have to use any in English.
• Is there any butter left?

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• For plural countable nouns we obviously cant
  use the indefinite article a
• Finns det några bananer kvar?
• becomes
• Are there any bananas left?

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Question 10 - 222

• Before of we can use the pronouns
• none, some, either, any, neither
• But not these
• somebody, nobody, anybody, someone, no-one,
  anyone
• So, the body and one pronouns cant be
  followed by of.

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Question 11 - 229

• Everyone/Everybody is singular in English.
• Everyone loves English grammar!
• Everybody is happy.
• Remember this -one is singular!

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Question 12 - 232

• Allt gott all the best
• All anledning every reason
• Anything but allt annat än
• Nothing but bara
• All but nästan
• Ingen annan än nobody but/nobody except
• Ingen mindre än none other than/no less a
  person than
• Inget annat än nothing but/nothing except

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Question 13 - 234

• Hela Sverige!
• All of Sweden
• All Sweden
• The whole of Sweden

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Question 14 - 235

• Man can be translated in a number of ways
• We/One if the speaker is included.
• Be careful, however, not to overdo the use of
  one and sound like the upper-classes!
• We drive on the right in Sweden.

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• Use you, people, they if the speaker is not
  included.
• But they drive on the left in Britain.
• You need to concentrate if youre driving there.

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• There is also the there-construction
• There was much rejoicing.
• (Thanks to the Monty Python gang for that quote).

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• A passive construction is sometimes used instead
  of man, but its rather formal, so dont use it
  too often in speech.
• And in the sentence above you can see it done
• A passive construction is sometimes used

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Question 15 - 235

• Man har inte funnit mördaren ännu.
• Using a pronoun
• They have not found the murderer yet.
• Using the passive instead of a pronoun
• The murderer has not been found yet.

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Question 16 - 237

• I believe we have little wine left.
• This is negative and means not very much (mycket
  lite/inte mycket).
• I believe we have a little wine left.
• This is more positive and means some (lite
  grann).
• I know which one Id prefer to hear from a
  friend!

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Question 17 - 236

• Plural count nouns, e.g. books, chairs
• A great many books/ chairs
• A number of books/ chairs
• A lot of books/ chairs
• Plenty of books/ chairs
• Lots of books/ chairs

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• Non-countable nouns, e.g. money, butter
• much money/ butter
• a great deal of money/ butter
• a large amount of money/ butter
• a lot of money/ butter
• plenty of money/ butter
• lots of money/ butter

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• Note that a lot of, lots of and plenty of can
  all be used with countable nouns as well as with
  non-countables.
• However, in formal academic writing these are
  not to be recommended!