Chapter 2 Figures

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Chapter 2Theories of Human Development
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• Theory Ideas proposed to describe/explain
  certain phenomena
• Organizes facts/observations
• Guides collection of new data
• Falsifiable hypothesis can be tested
• Generates additional hypotheses
• Supported by data

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• From Freuds theory which proposes that childhood
  sexuality and unconscious motivations influence
  personality

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Psychoanalysis
• Freuds theory of personality that attributes our
  thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and
  conflicts
• techniques used in treating psychological
  disorders by seeking to expose and interpret
  unconscious tensions

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Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

• Instincts and unconscious motivation
• Id, Ego, and Superego formed from psychic energy
  (Libido)
• Id Instinctual nature of humans (anger and sex).
  Operates on the pleasure principle
• Superego internalized moral standards
• Ego rational and objective (reality principle)
• A dynamic personality system
• Regular conflicts between the three parts

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Freuds Psychosexual Development

• Child moves through 5 stages
• Stages result from conflict between Id Superego
• Conflict creates anxiety
• Ego defends against anxiety with defense
  mechanisms
• Early experiences have long-term effects on
  personality

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Personality Structure

• Freuds idea of the minds structure

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Personality Development

• Psychosexual Stages
• the childhood stages of development during which
  the ids pleasure-seeking energies focus on
  distinct erogenous zones
• Oedipus Complex
• a boys sexual desires toward his mother and
  feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival
  father

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Freuds Theory

• Strengths
• Awareness of unconscious motivation
• Emphasized important early experience
• Neo-Freudians have been influential
• Weaknesses
• Ambiguous, inconsistent, not testable
• Ideas based mainly on case studies
• Not supported by research

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Erik Erikson
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• Most influential neo-Freudian
• Some differences with Freud
• Less emphasis on sexual urges
• More emphasis on rational ego
• More positive and adaptive view of human nature
• Believed development continues through adulthood

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Erikson

• Strengths
• Emphasis on rational and adaptive nature
• Interaction of biological social influences
• Focus on identity crisis of adolescence still
  most relevant
• Weaknesses
• Sometimes vague and difficult to test
• Does not explain how development comes about

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Behaviorism

• Behaviorism Conclusions should be based on
  observable behavior. Psychological aspects of
  development are determined by the environment.
  (Watson) Did not believe in Mental Processes
  The observable thoughts, feelings, and motives
  that we experience

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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov
• 1849-1936
• Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
• Nobel Prize in 1904
• studied digestive secretions

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Classical Conditioning is a type of learning in
which an organism learns to connect or associate
stimuli. A neutral stimulus becomes associated
with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the
capacity to elicit a similar response.

• Association learning (Theories of Pavlov)
• NS causes no response
• UCS built-in, automatic unlearned stimulus
• UCR automatic, unlearned response
• CS causes learned response
• CR learned response

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Behavioral Approaches

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Behavioral Approaches
Skinners Operant Conditioning Operant Behavior
- operates (acts) on environment produces
consequences Consequences (rewards and
punishments) are contingent on the organisms
behavior. Reinforcement (reward) increases the
probability that a behavior will occur.
Punishment decreases the probability that a
behavior will occur.

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Types of Reinforcement

• Positive reinforcement giving something that
  the person wants that increases the behavior
• Examples
• Praise
• Teacher attention
• Rewards
• Negative reinforcement taking away something
  that the person does not want that increases the
  behavior. Something unpleasant is reduced.
• Time-out
• Insomnia medication

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Types of Punishment

• Presentation Punishment (type I or positive
  punishment) adding/giving something that the
  person does not want that decreases the behavior
• Detention
• Extra work
• Spanking
• Removal Punishment (type II or negative
  punishment) taking away something that the
  person wants that decreases the behavior
• Loss of recess
• Loss of playing video games

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Bandura Social Cognitive Theory

• Formerly called social learning theory
• Humans think, anticipate, believe, etc.
• Cognitive emphasis observational learning
• Bobo doll studies
• Model praised or punished
• Child learned to imitate rewarded model
• Vicarious reinforcement
• Observational Learning occurs when a person
  observes and imitates someone elses behavior.

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Learning Theory Strengths Weaknesses

• Strengths
• Precise and testable theory
• Carefully controlled experiments
• Practical applications across lifespan
• Weaknesses
• Inadequate account of lifespan changes
• Ignored genetic and maturational processes

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The Ecology of Human Development

• Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Model
• How nature and nurture interact to produce
  development
• The biological, psychological, person
• Four environmental systems
• Microsystem family
• Mesosystem school
• Exosystem society
• Macrosystem culture
• Chronosystem time

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Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory