Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

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Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion
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Agenda 1.31.11

• Drill what motivates you?
• To get good grades?
• To eat healthily?
• To exercise?
• To listen to your friends?

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Motivational Theories and Concepts

• Motives needs, wants, desires leading to
  goal-directed behavior
• Drive theories seeking homeostasis (push theory
  pushes you towards balance)
• Incentive theories regulation by external
  stimuli (pulls you towards a reward)
• Evolutionary theories maximizing reproductive
  success

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Figure 10.2 The diversity of human motives
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The Motivation of Hunger and Eating Biological
Factors

• Brain regulation
• Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus -- LH was
  thought to be the hunger center, while the VMH
  was thought to be the satiety center
• Paraventricular nucleus part of hunger circuit
• Glucose and digestive regulation
• Glucostatic theory blood sugar down, hunger up
• Hormonal regulation
• Insulin and leptin -- insulin goes up and hunger
  goes up, leptin tells hypothalmus when fat
  storage is high to decrease hunger.

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Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus
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The Motivation of Hunger and Eating
Environmental Factors

• Learned preferences and habits
• Exposure
• Exposure and observational learning appear to
  play a part in what we like to eat. Learning
  also appears to influence when and how much
  people eat
• When, as well as what
• Food-related cues
• Appearance, odor, effort required
• Stress
• Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion
  and overeating

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Eating and Weight The Roots of Obesity

• Evolutionary explanations -- most animals evolved
  in environments where competition for food was
  fierce and food supplies were unreliable
• Obesity people are overweight if their weight
  exceeds their ideal body weight by 20.
• Genetic predisposition
• Body Mass Index and adoption study -- adoptees
  resemble biological parents, not adoptive
• The concept of set point/settling point --
  natural point of stability in body weight
• Dietary restraint

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Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight
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Agenda AP Psychology

• 2.2.11

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• List 5 characteristics that attract you to
  someone. Include physical characteristics.
• Good looking (taller than me!)
• Good sense of humor
• Smart/intelligent
• Has to have some sort of passion in something
• Drive/ambition
• Homework bring in 3 magazine or newspaper
  advertisements
• Make sure you read 374 413 by next Friday

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Sexual Motivation and Behavior

• Hormonal regulation
• Estrogens
• Androgens
• Testosterone -- testosterone fluctuations are
  correlated with sexual activity.
• Pheromones -- chemical secreted by one animal
  that affects the behavior of another, usually
  detected through the sense of smell
• Synchronized menstrual cycles
• Aphrodisiacs -- substances thought to increase
  sexual desire
• Erotic materials -- elevate sexual desire only
  for a few hours
• Attraction to a Partner
• The Coolidge effect -- a new sexual partner
  reviving sexual interest is termed the Coolidge
  effect.
• Evolutionary factors women and men prioritize
  different things in their partners.

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Figure 10.6 Rape victim-offender relationships
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Figure 10.7 Parental investment theory and
mating preferences
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Figure 10.8 The gender gap in how much people
think about sex
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Figure 10.10 Gender and potential mates
financial prospects
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Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates
physical attractiveness
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The Mystery of Sexual Orientation

• Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual
• A continuum -- 5-8 of population
• Theories explaining homosexuality
• Environmental
• Biological
• Interactionist

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Figure 10.12 Homosexuality and heterosexuality
as endpoints on a continuum
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Figure 10.13 How common is homosexuality?
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Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation
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The Human Sexual Response

• Masters and Johnson 1966
• Stages
• Excitement
• Plateau
• Orgasm
• Resolution

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Figure 10.15 The human sexual response cycle
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Figure 10.16 The gender gap in orgasm consistency
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AP Psychology Agenda

• 2.3.10

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• Get your ads out. On the next slide is something
  called Maslows hierarchy of needs. Using all
  three ads, figure out how each ad appeals to one
  of these needs. Write the need down with a brief
  explanation.
• I am collecting this!
• For tonight, go to http//www.utpsyc.org/TATintro/
  and take the mini-TAT test

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Achievement Motivation

• Achievement motive need to excel
• Work harder and more persistently
• Delay gratification
• Pursue competitive careers
• Situational influences on achievement motives
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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The Elements of Emotional Experience

• Cognitive component
• Subjective conscious experience
• Positive psychology
• Physiological component
• Bodily (autonomic) arousal
• Behavioral component
• Characteristic overt expressions

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Figure 10.20 The amygdala and fear
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Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of
peoples ability to recognize emotions from
facial expressions
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AP Psychology Agenda

• 2.7.11

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• Test tomorrow
• Make sure you really read 398 407 (we didnt
  really talk about it in class)
• Can you come up with a list of no more than 10
  basic emotions that everyone experiences?
• happy, sad, scared, angry, embarrassed, anxious,
  horny, stressed, jealousy, excitement
• Do we have control over our emotions?
• Extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations whats
  the difference and which is more important?

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Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange
• Feel afraid because pulse is racing
• Cannon-Bard
• Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the
  cortex and the autonomic nervous system
• Schacters Two-Factor Theory
• Look to external cues to decide what to feel
• Evolutionary Theories
• Innate reactions with little cognitive
  interpretation

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Figure 10.23 Theories of emotion
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Figure 10.24 Primary emotions
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Happiness

• Common sense notions incorrect
• Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and
  attractiveness largely uncorrelated
• Physical health, good social relationships,
  religious faith, and culture modestly correlated
• Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and
  personality strongly correlated
• Subjective rather than objective reality important

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Figure 10.27 The subjective well-being of nations
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Figure 10.29 Possible causal relations among the
correlates of happiness