The Periodic Table

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The Periodic Table

• Essential Question
• What determines how elements are arranged in the
  periodic table?

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The Periodic Table
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The Periodic Table

• There are columns rows in the periodic table
• If you go across the rows, the atomic number
  increases for each element except when you get
  to elements with atomic numbers 57 89.
• Why do you think the elements 57-71 and 89-103
  are out of order?

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The Periodic Table

• Those elements are not in line to keep the
  elements with similar properties together.
• Well talk more about this in a moment.

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The Periodic Table

• The table is arranged into rows and columns.
• The rows (left to right) are called periods.
• The columns (top to bottom) are called groups.

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Periods

• Elements in the same period have the same number
  of energy levels for their electrons.
• Period 1 1 energy level
• Period 2 2 energy levels
• Period 3 3 energy levels
• Period 4 4 energy levels
• Etc. etc. etc

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Groups

• Elements in the same group have the same number
  of valence electrons.
• Lets check this to see if its true

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The Periodic Table

• Besides having periods and groups, the elements
  are also arranged into families.
• Examples of Families - Alkali Metals- Alkaline
  Earth Metals- Transition Metals- Halogen
  Gases- Inert Gases (Noble Gases)

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The Periodic Table

• The table is also arranged into states (what
  state the element is in at room temperature
  solid, liquid or gas)
• There are 2 main classes of elements metals and
  nonmetals.
• Metals make up 75 of the elements on the
  periodic table.

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Metals

• Metals have the following physical properties
• Luster (shininess)
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• High density (heavy for their size)
• High melting point
• Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin
  wires)
• Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin
  sheets)

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Metals

• Metals also have chemical properties
• Chemical properties are those properties used to
  characterize materials in reactions that change
  their identity
• Easily lose electrons
• Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual wearing
  away. (Example silver tarnishing and iron
  rusting)

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Nonmetals

• Nonmetals are also called semiconductors
• Nonmetals have the following physical properties
• No luster (dull appearance)
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
• Brittle (breaks easily)
• Not ductile
• Not malleable
• Low density
• Low melting point

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Nonmetals

• Chemical properties
• Tend to gain electrons
• Since metals lose electrons and nonmetals gain
  electrons, they bond with each other.
• Well talk more about this later.

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The Periodic Table

• There is also another group metalloids.
• These are elements with properties of both metals
  and nonmetals.
• These properties are
• Solids
• Can be shiny or dull
• Ductile
• Malleable
• Conduct heat and electricity better than
  nonmetals but not as well as metals

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Metals

• The metals are divided into 5 families
• Alkali
• Alkaline earth
• Transition
• Lanthanide
• Actinide

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Alkali Metals

• Group 1, beginning with Lithium
• Properties include soft, shiny, react violently
  with water.
• These are very reactive because they have only 1
  valence electron
• Alkali metals are not found in nature as
  elements.
• As with all metals, the alkali metals are
  malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of
  heat and electricity.
• The alkali metals are softer than most other
  metals.
• Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to
  water.
• The Alkali Metals are lithium, sodium,
  potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium

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Alkaline Earth Metal

• Group 2 of the periodic table
• They are also very reactive.
• Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals
  are not found free in nature.
• The Alkaline Earth Metals are beryllium,
  magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium

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Transition Metals

• The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the
  periodic table are called "transition metals".
• As with all metals, the transition elements are
  both ductile, malleable, and conduct electricity
  and heat.
• The interesting thing about transition metals is
  that their valence electrons, or the electrons
  they use to combine with other elements, are
  present in more than one shell.
• There are three noteworthy elements in the
  transition metals family. These elements are
  iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only
  elements known to produce a magnetic field.
• The Transition Metals are

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Halogens

• The halogens are five non-metallic elements found
  in group 17 of the periodic table.
• The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and
  compounds containing halogens are called "salts".
  
• All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer
  shells.
• The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all
  three states of matterSolid- Iodine, Astatine
• Liquid- Bromine
• Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine
• The Halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
  iodine and astatine

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The Noble Gases

• The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the
  periodic table.
• They are sometimes referred to as inert
• All noble gases have the maximum number of
  electrons possible in their outer shell, making
  them stable.
• The noble gases are helium, neon, argon,
  krypton, xenon and radon

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Lanthanide Actinide Series

• The thirty rare earth elements are composed of
  the lanthanide and actinide series.
• One element of the lanthanide series and most of
  the elements in the actinide series are called
  trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.
  
• All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3
  of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th
  periods.
• The Rare Earth Elements are made up of two series
  of elements, the Lanthanide and Actinide Series.
• The Rare Earth Elements are