Kingdom

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Kingdom Plantae
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Main Characteristics

• Cells contain a nucleus
• Make their own food
• Cells contain a cell wall
• Multicellular
• Can not move from place to place

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Types of Plants
1. Nonvascular Plants

• Do NOT have conducting tissue (pipes) to
  transport water and nutrients.
• These plants are small and use diffusion and
  osmosis to move materials.
• Examples mosses and liverworts

2. Vascular Plants

• Contain conducting tissue (pipes) to deliver
  needed materials throughout the plant.
• Vascular plants can be any size

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Types of Vascular Plants
1. Plants without seeds.

• Help form soil and prevent erosion
• Examples ferns, horsetails and club mosses

2. Plants with seeds.

• Have a two part life cycle
• sporophyte - produce spores
• gametophyte - produce sex cells

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Types of Seed Plants
1. Gymnosperms

• Non-flowering or fruit bearing plants
• Produce cones instead of flowers and fruits.
• Example Conifers

2. Angiosperms

• Flowering plants
• Use flowers (attract animals) and fruits
  (protect seeds) for reproduction.
• Flowering plants provide food for animals.

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Seed Structure
Cotyledon - a seed leaf. Provides food for the
embryo before it can makes its own food.
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Types of Angiosperms
1. Monocots

• Contains 1 seed leaf (cotyledon)
• Flower parts in threes
• Leaves with parallel veins
• Vascular tissue scattered
• Examples grasses, onions, lillies, palms

2. Dicots

• Contains 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
• Flower parts in fours or fives
• Leaves with branching veins
• Vascular tissue in a ring
• Examples roses, cactuses, sunflowers, peanuts

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Differences between monocots and dicots
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Plant Kingdom
can be
Nonvascular
Vascular
may
such as
produce seeds
NOT produce seeds
mosses and liverworts
such as
in
ferns horsetails club mosses
cones (Gymnosperms)
flowers (Angiosperms)
such as
can be
Monocot
Dicot
Pine trees, evergreens
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Angiosperm Structure
Angiosperms are made up of

• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flowers

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Stamen
Pistil
Petal
Flower
Sepal
Leaves
Stems
Roots
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Roots
Main Functions

• Supply plant with water and minerals that
  are absorbed from the soil
• Support and anchor plant
• Store food made during photosynthesis

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Root Types
1. Tap Root -

• One main root growing down with smaller roots
  coming off.
• Example carrots

2. Fibrous Root -

• Several roots that are the same size.
• Example grass

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Stems
Main Functions

• Support plant body
• Some stems can store materials.
• Example cactus stores water
• Transport materials between roots and leaves
• Xylem - carries water and minerals upward from
  the roots
• Phloem - carries food downward to roots for
  storage and to other parts of the plant

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Stem Types

• 1. Herbaceous
• Soft, flexible plant

• 2. Woody
• Rigid stems made of wood
  and bark

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Monocot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Parts in 4s or 5s
Parts in 3s
1 cotyledon
2 cotyledons
Dicot
Monocot
Net-veined
Parallel veins
Monocot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Scattered
In a ring
taproot
fibrous
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Leaves
Main Functions

• Capture sunlight to make food

Parts of the Leaf

• Cuticle - waxy covering that protects against
  water loss
• Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll to capture
  sunlight
• Veins - Move water, food and nutrients through
  xylem and phloem
• Stomata - openings under the leaf to let in
  carbon dioxide and give off water and oxygen.
• Guard cells - open and close the stomata

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Leaf Structure
Stomata
Guard cell
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Flowers
Main Functions Used for sexual reproduction
Parts of the Flower

• Sepal - protects immature flower when it is a
  bud
• Petals - attract insects and animals

• Stamen - male reproductive parts
• Anther - produces pollen grains
• Filament - thin stalk, that anther sits on

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Parts of the Flower Continued

• Pistil - female reproductive parts
• Stigma - collects pollen
• Style- pollen travels down to reach egg
• Ovary - develops into the fruit
• Ovule - inside the ovary contains the egg.
  Develops into a seed after fertilization.

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pistil
stamen
stigma
anther
pollen grains
pollen tube
filament
style
ovary
ovule
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Flower Project

• Using the flower books provided
• Choose a flower
• Draw a picture of the plant
• Label the parts
• Describe their main function
• Name of the plant
• Your name class period

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Pollination Fertilization
1. What type of reproduction occurs in
flowering plants?
- sexual reproduction - egg and sperm are
needed - offspring look different than parents
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pistil
stamen
stigma
pollen
style
ovary
anther
Self-pollination
Cross-pollination
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2. What is pollination?
- Pollination occurs when pollen grains are
transported from anthers to stigmas. -
Self-pollination egg and sperm from the same
plant - Cross-pollination egg and sperm from
different plants
3. What has to happen in order for fertilization
to occur?
- The sperm inside the pollen must get from
stigma to ovary. - A pollen tube forms from
stigma to ovary.
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4. What is fertilization?
- Fertilization occurs when the sperm from the
pollen grain fuses (joins) with the egg inside
the ovule.
5. What takes place after fertilization?
- The ovule develops into a seed. - The ovary
develops into a fruit.
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6. What are dormant seeds?
- They are seeds that are inactive (not growing
or developing).
7. What does a seed need to grow?
- water - oxygen - proper temperature
8. What is germination?
- Germination is the sprouting of a seed.
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Germination
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9. How do plants reproduce asexually?
- root or stem can become a new
plant (vegetative propagation) Examples -
cuttings using part of stem or root - runners
stems that run along the ground and buds grow
off it. - plantlets tiny plants grow on leaves
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A
D
B
E
C
F
G
Bonus 1. A and B from above make up the
_________. 2. D,E, F from above make up the
_________.
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10. What is a tropism?
- growth in response to a stimulus Examples
phototropism response to light gravitropism
response to gravity
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Photosynthesis
1. What is needed for photosynthesis?
- sunlight (chloroplasts in leaves) - carbon
dioxide (stomata in leaves) - water (absorbed by
roots)
2. What does chlorophyll do?
- chlorophyll absorbs sunlight in the leaves
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3. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Sunlight 6 CO2 6 H2O ---- C6H12O6 6
O2 sunlight carbon dioxide water --- sugar
oxygen
Excess sugar travels down phloem to be stored in
the roots.
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4. What is cellular respiration?
- Converts the energy stored in food into a form
of energy the plant can use.
C6H12O6 6 O2 ---- 6 CO2 6 H2O energy
5. What is transpiration?
- Water loss from leaves through stomata.
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