Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia
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I. Phylum Porifera

• A. Characteristics
• 1. Includes sponges
• 2. Over 5,000 species
• 3. Porifera pore-bearing
• 4. Sponge has 1000s of tiny holes
• 5. Simplest animal

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• 6. All sponges are sessile permanently
  attached to substrate
• 7. Hermaphroditic contains both male and
  female reproductive parts
• 8. Found in all oceans and all temperatures

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• 9. Has radial symmetry
• 10. Are filter feeders filter in water
  continuously

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• B. Parts of a sponge
• 1. Epidermis outer covering
• 2. mesenchyme middle layer gelatin layer
• 3. Osculum a large cavity (hole) water
  leaves the sponge

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• 4. Collar cells whip-like cells that draws
  the water into a sponge aids in digestion of
  food
• 5. Amoebocyte wandering cells carries food,
  waste, etc circulatory system

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• 6. Spicules skeletal structures allows
  sponges to grow in variety of shapes
  interlocking spikes

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Water exits through osculum
Collar Cells or choanocytes
Spongocoel
Spicules
Incurrent water pore
Mesenchyme
Amoebocytes
Epidermis
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• C. Lifestyle
• 1. Filter feeders
• 2. No brain, no nerves, no eyes very
  simple
• 3. Many organisms hide in sponges
• 4. Some sponges can grow over 6ft tall and
  wide

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• 5. Release sperm into water some eggs
  fertilized inside

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• 6. Shapes include tubular, vase, barrel, flat
• 7. Humans use them for commercial use as sponges
• 8. May contain anticancer agents
• 9. Enemies include nudibranchs (slug) and
  turtles

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II. Phylum Cnidarian
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• A. Includes Hydra, coral, sea anemone, jellyfish
  Portuguese man-o-war

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• B. Characteristics
• 1. Radial symmetry
• 2. digestive cavity with only one opening
• 3. no brain, no eyes
• 4. Nerve net - very simple
• 5. Only animal with nematocyst stinging cells

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• C. Body Structure
• 1. Body Parts ALL Cnidarians
• a. epidermis outer covering, slimy
• b. mesoglea middle layer, jelly-like
  (jellyfish)
• c. gastrodermis inner layer lining of
  stomach

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• d. gastrovascular cavity stomach (for
  digestion)
• e. mouth opening for food and waste
• f. tentacles with nematocyst

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• 2. Two body shapes
• a. Polyp shape
• 1) hydra, coral, Portuguese man-o-war, sea
  anemone
• 2) sessile (permanently attached) , except
  man- o-war

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• 3) cylindrical body (except man-o-war)
• 4) mouth and tentacles face up (except
  man-o-war)
• b. Medusa shape
• 1) Jellyfish
• 2) Free-swimming, but at mercy of currents
  plankton

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• 3) Mouth and tentacles hang down
• 4) Umbrella shape
• D. The Nematocyst
• 1. nematocyst located all along tentacles 100s
• 2. housed in small fluid-filled sacs
• 3. tightly coiled spring-loaded
• 4. very sharp and barbed

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• 5. fires, entangling prey (or humans)
• 6. poison is released, paralyzing prey
• 7. tentacles retract bringing prey to mouth
• 8. gastrovascular cavity releases enzymes to
  digest

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• 9. nematocyst fired due to chemical
  reactions or bombing
• E. Importance of Cnidarians
• 1. Anticancer drug?
• 2. nervous system research
• 3. used as homes for many marine organisms
  coral reef

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• F. The Three Classes of Phylum Cnidaria
• 1. Class Hydrozoa
• a. Includes hydra Man-o-war
• b. Polyp shape
• c. A floating colony of 1000s of polyps living
  as one

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• d. Also contains 1000s of medusas to create
  sail (bubble)
• e. Polymorphism having two different types in
  same species
• f. Very powerful nematocyst have to paralyze
  fish (their prey)

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• g. Colorful sail used for floatation
• h. Live only a few months
• i. Each polyp has specific function
• feeding polyps
• reproducing polyps they all work together
  as one individual
• stinging polyps
• digestive polyps

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• j. Man-o-war size
• up to 2 ft in body
• average 45 ft long
• tentacles up to 150 ft

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• 2. Class Scyphozoa
• a. Jellyfish
• b. Medusa shape
• c. Have thick mesoglea for firmness
• d. A single individual
• e. Moves by pulsating bell

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• f. Separate sexes
• g. Predators turtles, sharks, birds, Mola mola
• h. Gulf of Mexico
• 1)cabbage heads harmless (can sting, but
  not much)
• 2)nettle OUCH!! Very transparent, hard
  to see
• 3)moon ouch!!, smaller

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• i. Most dangerous jellyfish
• Box Jelly or Sea Wasp
• 1) The most poisonous animal on earth
• 2) Can cause death to humans in 4 min.
• 3) Leaves very nasty scars
• 4) Found in Australia

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• 5) Chironex fleckeri means murdering hand
• 6) 60 tentacles about 9ft long
• j. if stung vinegar, meat tenderizer

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• 3. Class Anthozoa
• a. includes sea anemones coral
• b. polyp shape
• c. sessile (does not swim)
• d. Anthor Greek for flower

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• e. Sea anemones
• 1) look like flowers vary in color
• 2) found in all oceans
• 3) cement to substrate
• 4) tentacles can be retracted completely into
  body

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• 5) feed on shrimp, plankton, fish
• 6) live individually, but in groups
• 7) reproduction
• release sperm egg
• fragmentation
• hermaphroditic
• budding

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• 8) soft bodies covered in mucus (lots of it)
• 9) live well in aquariums 66 to 75 years
• 10) Predator nudibranchs (seaslugs)

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• 11)Larger anemones have little fish clown
  fish live within tentacles
• clown fish immune to nematocyst
• and bring food to anemone

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• f. Corals
• 1) live in colonies
• 2) secrete a skeleton of calcium carbonate
  around soft bodies

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• 3) 2 groups of corals
• a) ahermatypic corals non reef building
  corals
• can be found in all oceans
• not very solid
• ex. Sea fans, sea whips

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• b) hermatypic corals reef building corals
• found only in tropics
• form massive structures
• have zooxanthalle a unicellular algae
  that lives in the corals tissue
• helps coral to secrete CaCO3 forming
  reefs

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• without zooxanthalle coral will die
• must have sunlight for zooxanthalle
• coral feed only on zooplankton (animals)
  because cant digest plant material

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Parts of a polyp
tentacles
With nematocyst
mouth
epidermis
gullet
gastrodermis
Calcium carbonate
zooxanthalle
sclerosepta
Corallite cup
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III. Coral Reefs

• A. General information
• 1. built entirely by biological activity
• 2. creates the largest living structures on
  Earth
• Great Barrier Reef
• 3. Found only in tropics, plenty of
  sunlight

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• 4. Reefs are made up of millions of tiny polyps
• 5. each polyp lives in a corallite cup
• CaCO3 houses (like little apartments)

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• B. Factors Affecting Growth of Reefs
• 1. To only grow in T? of 20- 25?C (70-90?F)
• cold currents prevent formation of reef

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• 2. Depth mostly shallow need sunlight for
  zooxanthalle
• average depth 70m (250ft), can be
  500ft
• deep waters are too cold
• 3. Salinity must be 350 or higher salty
• flourish in really salty waters

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• 4. Sedimentation cannot survive heavy
  sediments
• clogs filters, suffocating polyps
• seds. can squash the fragile polyps
• blocks out sunlight killing
  zooxanthalle

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• 5. Waves needs heavy wave action
• removes sedimentation
• since sessile, brings food oxygen
• 6. Air cannot be exposed for long, 1 hour max
• 7. Solid base has to have something sturdy
  to grow on

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• C. Types of Reefs
• 1. Fringing reef close to land mass, no
  lagoon
• 2. Barrier reef separated from land by a
  lagoon
• Ex. Great Barrier Reef in Australia
• stretches over 2000km (1200miles)

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• 3. Atoll reef circular reef surrounding a
  lagoon
• no where near land
• Formation of atoll reefs were a mystery
  out in middle of deep waters

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• Charles Darwin proposed the Subsidence Theory
• a) a fringing reef grew around a volcanic
  island
• b) the island slowly subsided (sank) very
  slowly
• c) reef continued to grow, forming a barrier
  reef

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• d) island completely sank, leaving a lagoon in
  middle of a circular reef Atoll reef
• e) took over 50 years to prove Darwin right
• in 1953 drilled 1283m down the center of
  atoll reef
• hit volcanic rock theory proved

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• f) oldest reef is 60 million yrs old
• g) youngest is only 15,000 yrs. old
• coral polyps die, more grow on top of dead
  ones

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• D. Destruction of reefs
• 1. Tropical storms hurricanes/typhoons
  break of large masses of coral reefs
• killing all the polyps
• 2. El Nino increases hurricanes,
  destroying miles of reef

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• also changes currents cold ones run into
  reefs
• 3. Predators
• several species of fish bite off chunks of
  reefs to eat polyps
• Ex. parrot, trigger fish
• 1 predator is the Acanthaster or
  crown-of- thorns sea star

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• a) eats about 8km2 of reef per year
• b) in 1950s huge population explosion of
  Acanthasters
• Three reasons why
• 1) removal of Giant Triton a snail that
  feeds on Acanthaster

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• 2) a chemical runoff that excited the
  Acanthaster
• 3) People trying to help get rid of
  Acanthaster
• they sliced diced the sea star, and threw
  the parts back into the water?

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• Sea stars can regenerate
• so where there used to be one, now there
  were 3 or 4 more
• c) Impossible to remove all Acanthasters way
  too many

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• 4. Man as usual
• dredging completely uproot entire reefs
• pollution coral polyps very delicate
  little things
• collection of coral reef fish kills the
  polyps because many collectors use cyanide
  

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• souvenirs NEVER BUY SEA SOUVENIRS, unless you
  know how they were gathered
• touching reef will actually squash polyps
• causes bleaching coral turns white because
  zooxanthalle dies cant live without

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• E. Recovery of reefs
• takes about 25-100 yrs to fully recover from
  mild destruction
• never recover from severe destruction
• never recover from bleaching

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• F. Importance of Coral Reefs
• 1. Contains the most diverse species of
  animals on Earth
• 2. Valuable part of marine life, food chain,
  etc
• 3. Home to so many organisms

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• 4. Multimillion dollar industry depends on reefs
  (scuba, food lobsters, fish, etc)

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III. Phylum Ctenophora

• A. General Information
• 1. Strictly Marine
• 2. 100 known species
• 3. very delicate
• 4. lack nematocyst

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• 5. feed on zooplankton
• 6. Hermaphroditic
• 7. Found in all oceans at all depths

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• B. Body Structure
• 1. medusa shape
• 2. epidermis lined with mucus glands
• 3. statocyst organ for balancing
• 4. has only a mouth has gullet and
  digestive canals

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• 5. have 8 ciliated bands combs
• 6. Tentacles with colloblasts sticky stuff
  
• doesnt sting
• used to catch food
• 7. have bioluminescence

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• C. only animal with colloblasts
• have colloblasts not nematocysts