Aymara Language and Culture

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Unit I, Set I Origin
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Unit I, Set I Origin

• In this set you will learn the constructions used
  to talk about where people and things are from.

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Unit I, Set I Origin

• In this set you will learn the constructions used
  to talk about where people and things are from.
• Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of
  preliminary information to present, so this
  presentation is longer than most.

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Unit I, Set I Origin

• In this set you will learn the constructions used
  to talk about where people and things are from.
• Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of
  preliminary information to present, so this
  presentation is longer than most.
• Here you will learn about

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Unit I, Set I Origin

• In this set you will learn the constructions used
  to talk about where people and things are from.
• Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of
  preliminary information to present, so this
  presentation is longer than most.
• Here you will learn about
• nouns and verbs in Aymara
• the first three persons of the person system
• sentence suffixes and simple sentence
  construction
• asking questions and giving answers
• talking about origin of people and things

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A note on nouns and verbs
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A note on nouns and verbs

• In Spanish and English, youre accustomed to
  thinking of nouns and verbs as just that nouns
  and verbs, or in other terms, people or objects
  and actions.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In Spanish and English, youre accustomed to
  thinking of nouns and verbs as just that nouns
  and verbs, or in other terms, people or objects
  and actions.
• In Aymara that is also the case, as you will
  learn as we go along. And, just as in Spanish
  and English, the ways in which verbs and nouns
  behave and the kinds of suffixes they can take
  depends on what they are doing in the sentence.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural
• one apple ? two apples
• una casa ? dos casas

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural
• one apple ? two apples
• una casa ? dos casas
• In Aymara nouns can be possessed
• uta house ? utaja my house

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural
• one apple ? two apples
• una casa ? dos casas
• In Aymara nouns can be possessed
• uta house ? utaja my house
• In Spanish and English, we use verbs to indicate
  who the agents or actors are
• I talk, she talks
• hablo, habla

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural
• one apple ? two apples
• una casa ? dos casas
• In Aymara nouns can be possessed
• uta house ? utaja my house
• In Spanish and English, we use verbs to indicate
  who the agents or actors are
• I talk, she talks
• hablo, habla
• In Aymara, though, the verbs indicate not only
  who the agent or actor is, but also who the
  object or recipient is
• parlta I talk to her
• parlitu she talks to me

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In all of these languages, sometimes we want to
  use nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In all of these languages, sometimes we want to
  use nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns.
• In English nouns and verbs switch back and forth
  easily. We can do so by adding prefixes of
  suffixes.
• For example, to teach is a verb, but if we add
  er we get the noun teacher.
• Walk is a verb, but we can add an article like
  a to get a noun, a walk.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• In all of these languages, sometimes we want to
  use nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns.
• In English nouns and verbs switch back and forth
  easily. We can do so by adding prefixes of
  suffixes.
• For example, to teach is a verb, but if we add
  er we get the noun teacher.
• Walk is a verb, but we can add an article like
  a to get a noun, a walk.
• In Spanish we can add suffixes to turn a noun
  into a verb with the suffix ear.
• For example the noun gato (cat) becomes a verb
  gatear (to crawl i.e., like a cat).
• Or we can use the suffix dor to make a verb into
  a noun or even an adjective. The verb torear
  (to bullfight) can take the suffix to become a
  noun, toreador (bullfighter). Or the verb
  hablar (to talk) can become an adjective
  hablador (talkative).

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A note on nouns and verbs

• Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and
  verbs into nouns.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and
  verbs into nouns.
• These two processes are called
• verbalization (a noun becomes and acts like a
  verb)
• nominalization (a verb becomes and acts like a
  noun)

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A note on nouns and verbs

• Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and
  verbs into nouns.
• These two processes are called
• verbalization (a noun becomes and acts like a
  verb)
• nominalization (a verb becomes and acts like a
  noun)
• Sometimes this happens more than once in a single
  word, like Akankiritwa, (I am from here) in
  this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a
  noun that becomes a verb again!

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A note on nouns and verbs

• Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and
  verbs into nouns.
• These two processes are called
• verbalization (a noun becomes and acts like a
  verb)
• nominalization (a verb becomes and acts like a
  noun)
• Sometimes this happens more than once in a single
  word, like Akankiritwa, (I am from here) in
  this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a
  noun that becomes a verb again!
• The forms that result from all of these changes
  are either nouns or nominal verbs.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and
  verbs into nouns.
• These two processes are called
• verbalization (a noun becomes and acts like a
  verb)
• nominalization (a verb becomes and acts like a
  noun)
• Sometimes this happens more than once in a single
  word, like Akankiritwa, (I am from here) in
  this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a
  noun that becomes a verb again!
• The forms that result from all of these changes
  are either nouns or nominal verbs.
• They do not ever become real verbs, or what
  well call full verbs. Nor do they ever take the
  whole complement of verbal suffixes. They remain
  either genuinely a part of the noun system or as
  part of an adjunct to the noun system, which is
  therefore why we call them nominal verbs.
  Additionally they never mark more than four
  persons.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• We will explain these changes in more detail in
  future units. For now though, you need to know
  what we mean when we refer to nominalization
  and verbalization.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• We will explain these changes in more detail in
  future units. For now though, you need to know
  what we mean when we refer to nominalization
  and verbalization.
• Additionally, it will help you to be able to
  recognize a few of the primary means of
  verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.

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A note on nouns and verbs

• We will explain these changes in more detail in
  future units. For now though, you need to know
  what we mean when we refer to nominalization
  and verbalization.
• Additionally, it will help you to be able to
  recognize a few of the primary means of
  verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.
• Verbalizing suffixes
• ka (locative, indicating location)
• long vowel (identity)

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A note on nouns and verbs

• We will explain these changes in more detail in
  future units. For now though, you need to know
  what we mean when we refer to nominalization
  and verbalization.
• Additionally, it will help you to be able to
  recognize a few of the primary means of
  verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.
• Verbalizing suffixes
• ka (locative, indicating location)
• long vowel (identity)
• Nominalizing suffix
• iri (someone who does something)

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Persons in Aymara
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Persons in Aymara

• Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal
  conjugations, depending on who is being talked
  about.

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Persons in Aymara

• Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal
  conjugations, depending on who is being talked
  about.
• While English and Spanish use a three-person
  system and mark for singular and plural numbers
  (I we, you you all, she/he they), Aymara
  uses a four-person system that does not mark for
  number.

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Persons in Aymara

• Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal
  conjugations, depending on who is being talked
  about.
• While English and Spanish use a three-person
  system and mark for singular and plural numbers
  (I we, you you all, she/he they), Aymara
  uses a four-person system that does not mark for
  number.
• Marking number in Aymara is optional
• If number is not marked it is usually because it
  is not important.

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Persons in Aymara

• Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal
  conjugations, depending on who is being talked
  about.
• While English and Spanish use a three-person
  system and mark for singular and plural numbers
  (I we, you you all, she/he they), Aymara
  uses a four-person system that does not mark for
  number.
• Marking number in Aymara is optional
• If number is not marked it is usually because it
  is not important.
• In this unit you are introduced to 1st, 2nd and
  3rd persons.
• 1 naya first person, I or we, but not you
• 2 juma second person, you
• 3 jupa third person, she, they, he neither
  you nor I, but human
• The 4th person (jiwasa) is presented in Unit III,
  and represents we, both you and I.
• See Gramática, VIII 1.21 VII 3.11.1 for more
  information.

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Sentence suffixes
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Sentence suffixes

• One of the interesting things about the Aymara
  language is that there are sentence suffixes.

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Sentence suffixes

• One of the interesting things about the Aymara
  language is that there are sentence suffixes.
• In English and in Spanish we most frequently
  indicate what kind of sentence were producing by
  the melody of our voice, or by the punctuation we
  use in writing.

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Sentence suffixes

• One of the interesting things about the Aymara
  language is that there are sentence suffixes.
• In English and in Spanish we most frequently
  indicate what kind of sentence were producing by
  the melody of our voice, or by the punctuation we
  use in writing.
• For example, the simple series of words
• I went downtown yesterday
• Can be a declarative sentence, a statement of
  fact, by lowering your voice at the end, as in I
  went downtown yesterday.
• Can be a question by raising your voice at the
  end, as in I went downtown yesterday?
• Or can be a non-sentence, (a clause as part of a
  larger sentence), by keeping your voice level at
  the end in anticipation of further information,
  as in I went downtown yesterday and bought a
  shirt.

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Sentence suffixes
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Sentence suffixes

• Aymara does not indicate sentence type with
  intonation as English and Spanish do.

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Sentence suffixes

• Aymara does not indicate sentence type with
  intonation as English and Spanish do.
• Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that
  tell you what kind of a sentence you are
  listening to.

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Sentence suffixes

• Aymara does not indicate sentence type with
  intonation as English and Spanish do.
• Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that
  tell you what kind of a sentence you are
  listening to.
• Although intonational and melody changes exist in
  Aymara, they do not mark the grammar.

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Sentence suffixes

• Aymara does not indicate sentence type with
  intonation as English and Spanish do.
• Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that
  tell you what kind of a sentence you are
  listening to.
• Although intonational and melody changes exist in
  Aymara, they do not mark the grammar.
• If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara
  to mark your grammar, your Aymara is not
  grammatical or could be perceived as rude.

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Sentence suffixes

• Aymara does not indicate sentence type with
  intonation as English and Spanish do.
• Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that
  tell you what kind of a sentence you are
  listening to.
• Although intonational and melody changes exist in
  Aymara, they do not mark the grammar.
• If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara
  to mark your grammar, your Aymara is not
  grammatical or could be perceived as rude.
• The one type of sentence that does not require
  sentence suffixes is the rude command. In other
  words, using no sentence suffix means issuing a
  rude command.

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Sentence suffixes

• Aymara does not indicate sentence type with
  intonation as English and Spanish do.
• Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that
  tell you what kind of a sentence you are
  listening to.
• Although intonational and melody changes exist in
  Aymara, they do not mark the grammar.
• If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara
  to mark your grammar, your Aymara is not
  grammatical or could be perceived as rude.
• The one type of sentence that does not require
  sentence suffixes is the rude command. In other
  words, using no sentence suffix means issuing a
  rude command.
• Remember, then, the importance of learning and
  knowing these sentence suffixes for your
  interactions with Aymara people.
• One type of question requires a particular
  intonation pattern as well as sentence suffixes.
  This is the alternative question, which you will
  learn in Unit II. You do not need to worry about
  this structure just yet.

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Sentence suffix types
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Sentence suffix types

• There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.

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Sentence suffix types

• There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
• Four of these specifically define the most common
  types of sentences and are presented in this
  unit.
• Each of these four will be described in more
  detail in the following slides.
• -sa information interrogative
• -ti yes/no interrogative
• -wa personal knowledge suffix
• -ti negative suffix

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Sentence suffix types

• There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
• Four of these specifically define the most common
  types of sentences and are presented in this
  unit.
• Each of these four will be described in more
  detail in the following slides.
• -sa information interrogative
• -ti yes/no interrogative
• -wa personal knowledge suffix
• -ti negative suffix
• The fifth sentence suffix that you will learn is
  xa, which is a suffix of many functions. For
  now, it will be the other half of any sentence
  with any of the four suffixes above, indicating
  the topic of the sentence.

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Sentence suffix types

• There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
• Four of these specifically define the most common
  types of sentences and are presented in this
  unit.
• Each of these four will be described in more
  detail in the following slides.
• -sa information interrogative
• -ti yes/no interrogative
• -wa personal knowledge suffix
• -ti negative suffix
• The fifth sentence suffix that you will learn is
  xa, which is a suffix of many functions. For
  now, it will be the other half of any sentence
  with any of the four suffixes above, indicating
  the topic of the sentence.
• You should try very hard to internalize these
  suffixes as much as possible, since they occur in
  almost every Aymara sentence and are the basic
  building blocks of the grammar.

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Information Interrogative sa
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Information Interrogative sa

• This suffix is used when asking an information
  question.

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Information Interrogative sa

• This suffix is used when asking an information
  question.
• These questions are those that ask who, what,
  when, where, why, how, etc.

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Information Interrogative sa

• This suffix is used when asking an information
  question.
• These questions are those that ask who, what,
  when, where, why, how, etc.
• Note though that the interrogative pronouns in
  Aymara to which sa attach are not exact
  translations of the pronouns that we use for
  informational questions in English or Spanish.

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Information Interrogative sa

• This suffix is used when asking an information
  question.
• These questions are those that ask who, what,
  when, where, why, how, etc.
• Note though that the interrogative pronouns in
  Aymara to which sa attach are not exact
  translations of the pronouns that we use for
  informational questions in English or Spanish.
• You will learn these pronouns throughout the
  units. For now, however, just be able to
  recognize the sa suffix in informational
  questions.

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Information Interrogative sa

• This suffix is used when asking an information
  question.
• These questions are those that ask who, what,
  when, where, why, how, etc.
• Note though that the interrogative pronouns in
  Aymara to which sa attach are not exact
  translations of the pronouns that we use for
  informational questions in English or Spanish.
• You will learn these pronouns throughout the
  units. For now, however, just be able to
  recognize the sa suffix in informational
  questions.
• For example
• Kunasa? (What is it?) from kuna what
• For this one must answer with information rather
  than a simple yes or no answer
• Utawa. (It is a house.) from uta house

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A note on question marks
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A note on question marks

• As you are learning, one of the interesting
  features of Aymara is the use of sentence
  suffixes. These suffixes are used to indicate
  what kind of sentence is being spoken, i.e., a
  question or an answer, etc.

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A note on question marks

• As you are learning, one of the interesting
  features of Aymara is the use of sentence
  suffixes. These suffixes are used to indicate
  what kind of sentence is being spoken, i.e., a
  question or an answer, etc.
• Since this information is included in the
  sentence grammar itself, this means that the use
  of some punctuation marks, like the question mark
  (?) is actually not necessary in Aymara, like it
  is in English or Spanish.

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A note on question marks

• As you are learning, one of the interesting
  features of Aymara is the use of sentence
  suffixes. These suffixes are used to indicate
  what kind of sentence is being spoken, i.e., a
  question or an answer, etc.
• Since this information is included in the
  sentence grammar itself, this means that the use
  of some punctuation marks, like the question mark
  (?) is actually not necessary in Aymara, like it
  is in English or Spanish.
• People who know Aymara, when writing in Aymara,
  do not use question marks since they are
  redundant. As you are seeing, every sentence that
  is a question is marked with an interrogative
  suffix, so there is no need for additional
  marking in the punctuation.

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Yes/No Interrogative ti
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Yes/No Interrogative ti

• This suffix is used when asking a question to
  which you expect only a yes or no answer.

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Yes/No Interrogative ti

• This suffix is used when asking a question to
  which you expect only a yes or no answer.
• In other words, all the other information
  relevant to this question is information the
  speaker already knows.

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Yes/No Interrogative ti

• This suffix is used when asking a question to
  which you expect only a yes or no answer.
• In other words, all the other information
  relevant to this question is information the
  speaker already knows.
• For example
• Utati? (Is this a house?) from uta house
• One can answer jisa (yes) or janiw (no).
• These are minimal answers. There are other ways
  to answer in Aymara, as you will learn in future
  units.

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Personal Knowledge Suffix wa
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Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.

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Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.
• We will return to this in later units.

64
Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.
• We will return to this in later units.
• For now, you need to know that the suffix wa is
  used in answering questions, both in the
  affirmative and the negative.

65
Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.
• We will return to this in later units.
• For now, you need to know that the suffix wa is
  used in answering questions, both in the
  affirmative and the negative.
• What this suffix also says is that you know what
  you are talking about because you have
  experienced it.

66
Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.
• We will return to this in later units.
• For now, you need to know that the suffix wa is
  used in answering questions, both in the
  affirmative and the negative.
• What this suffix also says is that you know what
  you are talking about because you have
  experienced it.
• For pedagogical purposes, we pretend in these
  materials that you have experienced more that you
  have, so that you can participate fully in the
  exercises.

67
Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.
• We will return to this in later units.
• For now, you need to know that the suffix wa is
  used in answering questions, both in the
  affirmative and the negative.
• What this suffix also says is that you know what
  you are talking about because you have
  experienced it.
• For pedagogical purposes, we pretend in these
  materials that you have experienced more that you
  have, so that you can participate fully in the
  exercises.
• However, remember that this suffix wa indicates
  personal knowledge. In later units you will learn
  what to say when you do not have personal
  experience.

68
Personal Knowledge Suffix wa

• Data source is a major category of the Aymara
  language. What this means is that you indicate in
  every sentence how you know what you are talking
  about.
• We will return to this in later units.
• For now, you need to know that the suffix wa is
  used in answering questions, both in the
  affirmative and the negative.
• What this suffix also says is that you know what
  you are talking about because you have
  experienced it.
• For pedagogical purposes, we pretend in these
  materials that you have experienced more that you
  have, so that you can participate fully in the
  exercises.
• However, remember that this suffix wa indicates
  personal knowledge. In later units you will learn
  what to say when you do not have personal
  experience.
• For now, pretend you already have some personal
  experience among the Aymara!

69
Equational sentences and suffixes
70
Equational sentences and suffixes

• What is an equational sentence?

71
Equational sentences and suffixes

• What is an equational sentence?
• Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and
  a use of the "to be verb in English.

72
Equational sentences and suffixes

• What is an equational sentence?
• Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and
  a use of the "to be verb in English.
• They are called equational sentences because they
  resemble arithmetical equations in their AB
  construction.

73
Equational sentences and suffixes

• What is an equational sentence?
• Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and
  a use of the "to be verb in English.
• They are called equational sentences because they
  resemble arithmetical equations in their AB
  construction.
• An example of an equational sentence is something
  like

74
Equational sentences and suffixes

• What is an equational sentence?
• Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and
  a use of the "to be verb in English.
• They are called equational sentences because they
  resemble arithmetical equations in their AB
  construction.
• An example of an equational sentence is something
  like
• The subject (A) is a potato, while is is the
  conjugation of the verb to be. A kind of food
  is the other half of the equation, the (B)
  component.

75
Equational sentences and suffixes

• What is an equational sentence?
• Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and
  a use of the "to be verb in English.
• They are called equational sentences because they
  resemble arithmetical equations in their AB
  construction.
• An example of an equational sentence is something
  like
• The subject (A) is a potato, while is is the
  conjugation of the verb to be. A kind of food
  is the other half of the equation, the (B)
  component.

76
Equational sentences and suffixes

• In the equational sentences you will see in this
  unit, you will learn how to talk about origin,
  about where you and other people are from.

77
Equational sentences and suffixes

• In the equational sentences you will see in this
  unit, you will learn how to talk about origin,
  about where you and other people are from.
• There are a number of different aspects of the
  sentence that you will need to be aware of. The
  following slides present examples of what is
  discussed here.

78
Equational sentences and suffixes

• In the equational sentences you will see in this
  unit, you will learn how to talk about origin,
  about where you and other people are from.
• There are a number of different aspects of the
  sentence that you will need to be aware of. The
  following slides present examples of what is
  discussed here.
• Aymara equational sentences are marked with the
  xa suffix on one half and the wa (personal
  knowledge) suffix on the other half.

79
Equational sentences and suffixes

• In the equational sentences you will see in this
  unit, you will learn how to talk about origin,
  about where you and other people are from.
• There are a number of different aspects of the
  sentence that you will need to be aware of. The
  following slides present examples of what is
  discussed here.
• Aymara equational sentences are marked with the
  xa suffix on one half and the wa (personal
  knowledge) suffix on the other half.
• Remember that the xa sentence suffix is the 5th
  suffix type. It has many functions, which you
  will study one at a time as you proceed through
  the course. In this case, xa marks the person
  whose origin you are discussing.

80
Question formation
81
Question formation

• There are many types of Aymara questions.

82
Question formation

• There are many types of Aymara questions.
• Here you are introduced to the Aymara information
  question which is marked with the suffix sa.

83
Question formation

• There are many types of Aymara questions.
• Here you are introduced to the Aymara information
  question which is marked with the suffix sa.
• The information that is given in answer to the
  question is marked with the wa suffix.

84
Question formation

• There are many types of Aymara questions.
• Here you are introduced to the Aymara information
  question which is marked with the suffix sa.
• The information that is given in answer to the
  question is marked with the wa suffix.
• Notice that in each question you have a first
  part marked with xa and a second part marked
  with sa.

85
Question formation

• There are many types of Aymara questions.
• Here you are introduced to the Aymara information
  question which is marked with the suffix sa.
• The information that is given in answer to the
  question is marked with the wa suffix.
• Notice that in each question you have a first
  part marked with xa and a second part marked
  with sa.
• In the following question-answer pairs, note the
  occurrence of the suffix markers. They are marked
  in a different color so you can spot them more
  easily.

86
Question formation

• There are many types of Aymara questions.
• Here you are introduced to the Aymara information
  question which is marked with the suffix sa.
• The information that is given in answer to the
  question is marked with the wa suffix.
• Notice that in each question you have a first
  part marked with xa and a second part marked
  with sa.
• In the following question-answer pairs, note the
  occurrence of the suffix markers. They are marked
  in a different color so you can spot them more
  easily.
• Remember that in some cases the vowels can be
  dropped, so you might only be able to observe the
  original consonant of the suffix.

87
Question formation - examples
88
Question formation - examples

• Question sa..xa, Answer xa..wa
• Kunas akaxa? (What is this?)
• Akax alujamintuwa. (This is an inn.)

89
Question formation - examples

• Question sa..xa, Answer xa..wa
• Kunas akaxa? (What is this?)
• Akax alujamintuwa. (This is an inn.)
• Question K?iti/ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?itits nayaxa? (Who am I?)
• Jumax mamatwa. (You are a mother.)

90
Question formation - examples

• Question sa..xa, Answer xa..wa
• Kunas akaxa? (What is this?)
• Akax alujamintuwa. (This is an inn.)
• Question K?iti/ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?itits nayaxa? (Who am I?)
• Jumax mamatwa. (You are a mother.)
• Question K?iti/sa..xa, Answer xa.wa
• K"itis jupaxa? (Who is he?)
• Jupax chachawa. (He is a man.)

91
Question formation - examples

• Question sa..xa, Answer xa..wa
• Kunas akaxa? (What is this?)
• Akax alujamintuwa. (This is an inn.)
• Question K?iti/ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?itits nayaxa? (Who am I?)
• Jumax mamatwa. (You are a mother.)
• Question K?iti/sa..xa, Answer xa.wa
• K"itis jupaxa? (Who is he?)
• Jupax chachawa. (He is a man.)
• Question ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?ititas jumaxa? (Who are you?)
• Nayax chachatawa. (I am a man.)

92
Question formation - examples

• Question sa..xa, Answer xa..wa
• Kunas akaxa? (What is this?)
• Akax alujamintuwa. (This is an inn.)
• Question K?iti/ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?itits nayaxa? (Who am I?)
• Jumax mamatwa. (You are a mother.)
• Question K?iti/sa..xa, Answer xa.wa
• K"itis jupaxa? (Who is he?)
• Jupax chachawa. (He is a man.)
• Question ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?ititas jumaxa? (Who are you?)
• Nayax chachatawa. (I am a man.)
• Question xasa, Answer xawa
• Jumax kawkinkiritasa? (Where are you from?)
• Nayax Wuliwyankiritwa. (I am from Bolivia.)

93
Question formation - examples

• Question sa..xa, Answer xa..wa
• Kunas akaxa? (What is this?)
• Akax alujamintuwa. (This is an inn.)
• Question K?iti/ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?itits nayaxa? (Who am I?)
• Jumax mamatwa. (You are a mother.)
• Question K?iti/sa..xa, Answer xa.wa
• K"itis jupaxa? (Who is he?)
• Jupax chachawa. (He is a man.)
• Question ta/saxa, Answer xata/wa
• K?ititas jumaxa? (Who are you?)
• Nayax chachatawa. (I am a man.)
• Question xasa, Answer xawa
• Jumax kawkinkiritasa? (Where are you from?)
• Nayax Wuliwyankiritwa. (I am from Bolivia.)
• Note that in these examples there is no 3p
  marking it is unmarked.

94
Sentence construction origin
95
Sentence construction origin

• In addition to the xa and wa suffixes, there
  are some other changes you have to be aware of in
  sentences construction.

96
Sentence construction origin

• In addition to the xa and wa suffixes, there
  are some other changes you have to be aware of in
  sentences construction.
• In the verbalized noun kiri is inserted to mark
  the place of origin.

97
Sentence construction origin

• In addition to the xa and wa suffixes, there
  are some other changes you have to be aware of in
  sentences construction.
• In the verbalized noun kiri is inserted to mark
  the place of origin.
• k verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists
  of the word for the place of origin plus the
  suffix na, which means in or from.

98
Sentence construction origin

• In addition to the xa and wa suffixes, there
  are some other changes you have to be aware of in
  sentences construction.
• In the verbalized noun kiri is inserted to mark
  the place of origin.
• k verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists
  of the word for the place of origin plus the
  suffix na, which means in or from.
• This -k- causes the preceding vowel to be
  deleted, but iri then renominalizes the form.

99
Sentence construction origin

• In addition to the xa and wa suffixes, there
  are some other changes you have to be aware of in
  sentences construction.
• In the verbalized noun kiri is inserted to mark
  the place of origin.
• k verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists
  of the word for the place of origin plus the
  suffix na, which means in or from.
• This -k- causes the preceding vowel to be
  deleted, but iri then renominalizes the form.
• This renominalization is agentive, meaning one
  who (does).

100
Sentence construction origin

• In addition to the xa and wa suffixes, there
  are some other changes you have to be aware of in
  sentences construction.
• In the verbalized noun kiri is inserted to mark
  the place of origin.
• k verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists
  of the word for the place of origin plus the
  suffix na, which means in or from.
• This -k- causes the preceding vowel to be
  deleted, but iri then renominalizes the form.
• This renominalization is agentive, meaning one
  who (does).
• See Gramática, IX VIII for further information.

101
Sentence construction origin
102
Sentence construction origin

• Lets illustrate this with an example. Assume we
  want to talk about where someone is from, such as
  She is from here, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
  Aymara.

103
Sentence construction origin

• Lets illustrate this with an example. Assume we
  want to talk about where someone is from, such as
  She is from here, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
  Aymara.
• The basic construction is

104
Sentence construction origin

• Lets illustrate this with an example. Assume we
  want to talk about where someone is from, such as
  She is from here, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
  Aymara.
• The basic construction is

aka -vna -cka- -ciri -wa
here in gtV one who (gtN) sentence suffix
Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa
105
Sentence construction origin

• Lets illustrate this with an example. Assume we
  want to talk about where someone is from, such as
  She is from here, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
  Aymara.
• The basic construction is
• This is an example of a noun that has gone
  through verbalization (to be located in) and
  then been nominalized (one who) again.

aka -vna -cka- -ciri -wa
here in gtV one who (gtN) sentence suffix
Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa
106
Sentence construction origin

• Lets illustrate this with an example. Assume we
  want to talk about where someone is from, such as
  She is from here, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
  Aymara.
• The basic construction is
• This is an example of a noun that has gone
  through verbalization (to be located in) and
  then been nominalized (one who) again.
• The gtV makes the vowel from na drop.

aka -vna -cka- -ciri -wa
here in gtV one who (gtN) sentence suffix
Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa
107
Sentence construction origin

• Lets illustrate this with an example. Assume we
  want to talk about where someone is from, such as
  She is from here, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
  Aymara.
• The basic construction is
• This is an example of a noun that has gone
  through verbalization (to be located in) and
  then been nominalized (one who) again.
• The gtV makes the vowel from na drop.
• 3p is unmarked so this form does not need to
  reverbalize, it can remain a noun and no person
  marker is needed.

aka -vna -cka- -ciri -wa
here in gtV one who (gtN) sentence suffix
Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa Akankiriwa
108
Sentence construction origin

• To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about
  yourself or someone else, certain changes are
  required, but the basic construction remains the
  same.

109
Sentence construction origin

• To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about
  yourself or someone else, certain changes are
  required, but the basic construction remains the
  same.
• To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st
  person), you need to reverbalize the form in
  other words, add a long vowel after iri-.

110
Sentence construction origin

• To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about
  yourself or someone else, certain changes are
  required, but the basic construction remains the
  same.
• To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st
  person), you need to reverbalize the form in
  other words, add a long vowel after iri-.
• After the long vowel, you can add the person
  forms. Remember that these often carry their own
  morphophonemic requirements.

111
Sentence construction origin

• To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about
  yourself or someone else, certain changes are
  required, but the basic construction remains the
  same.
• To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st
  person), you need to reverbalize the form in
  other words, add a long vowel after iri-.
• After the long vowel, you can add the person
  forms. Remember that these often carry their own
  morphophonemic requirements.
• For example, if anything follows ta in 1st
  person nominal verbs, the /a/ of that suffix is
  dropped.

112
Sentence construction origin

• To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about
  yourself or someone else, certain changes are
  required, but the basic construction remains the
  same.
• To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st
  person), you need to reverbalize the form in
  other words, add a long vowel after iri-.
• After the long vowel, you can add the person
  forms. Remember that these often carry their own
  morphophonemic requirements.
• For example, if anything follows ta in 1st
  person nominal verbs, the /a/ of that suffix is
  dropped.
• Another example is that if the vowel that is to
  be dropped is a long vowel, only the length is
  dropped and a regular vowel remains.

113
Sentence construction origin

• To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about
  yourself or someone else, certain changes are
  required, but the basic construction remains the
  same.
• To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st
  person), you need to reverbalize the form in
  other words, add a long vowel after iri-.
• After the long vowel, you can add the person
  forms. Remember that these often carry their own
  morphophonemic requirements.
• For example, if anything follows ta in 1st
  person nominal verbs, the /a/ of that suffix is
  dropped.
• Another example is that if the vowel that is to
  be dropped is a long vowel, only the length is
  dropped and a regular vowel remains.
• You will see examples of these kinds of
  requirements in the following examples and
  throughout the exercises.

114
Sentence construction origin
115
Sentence construction origin

• For example, lets say I am from here, which is
  Akankiritwa in Aymara.

116
Sentence construction origin

• For example, lets say I am from here, which is
  Akankiritwa in Aymara.

aka -vna -cka- -iri -v - ctac -wa
here in gtV one who gtN gtV 1p sentence suffix
Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa
117
Sentence construction origin

• For example, lets say I am from here, which is
  Akankiritwa in Aymara.
• In this form, 1p is marked, so the noun has to be
  reverbalized in order to mark the person. Thus we
  have a noun that becomes a verb, that becomes a
  noun, that ends as a verb!

aka -vna -cka- -iri -v - ctac -wa
here in gtV one who gtN gtV 1p sentence suffix
Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa
118
Sentence construction origin

• For example, lets say I am from here, which is
  Akankiritwa in Aymara.
• In this form, 1p is marked, so the noun has to be
  reverbalized in order to mark the person. Thus we
  have a noun that becomes a verb, that becomes a
  noun, that ends as a verb!
• Note that if the vowel to be dropped is a long
  vowel, then only the length is dropped and a
  plain vowel remains.

aka -vna -cka- -iri -v - ctac -wa
here in gtV one who gtN gtV 1p sentence suffix
Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa
119
Sentence construction origin

• For example, lets say I am from here, which is
  Akankiritwa in Aymara.
• In this form, 1p is marked, so the noun has to be
  reverbalized in order to mark the person. Thus we
  have a noun that becomes a verb, that becomes a
  noun, that ends as a verb!
• Note that if the vowel to be dropped is a long
  vowel, then only the length is dropped and a
  plain vowel remains.
• The rules as to what causes vowel dropping within
  the morphological word are quite rigid and there
  are virtually no exceptions. You will see more
  examples of this vowel dropping as you proceed
  through the presentations and exercises.

aka -vna -cka- -iri -v - ctac -wa
here in gtV one who gtN gtV 1p sentence suffix
Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa Akankiritwa
120
Sentence construction origin
121
Sentence construction origin

• The reason we have to present such complex
  structures in the first unit is because the very
  first thing an Aymara person will ask you is
  kawkinkiritasa where are you from?

122
Sentence construction origin

• The reason we have to present such complex
  structures in the first unit is because the very
  first thing an Aymara person will ask you is
  kawkinkiritasa where are you from?
• And you need to be able to ask this question too.

123
Sentence construction origin

• The reason we have to present such complex
  structures in the first unit is because the very
  first thing an Aymara person will ask you is
  kawkinkiritasa where are you from?
• And you need to be able to ask this question too.
  
• For now, its OK to memorize these forms without
  analyzing their formation and construction, but
  just remember that there is a lot of internal
  complication. Well be studying these various
  aspects throughout future units.

124
End of Set I
125
End of Set I

• Congratulations, you have completed the Set I
  presentation.

126
End of Set I

• Congratulations, you have completed the Set I
  presentation.
• You are now ready to complete the first set of
  exercises, in which you will practice the various
  structures you have just learned. This set of
  exercises focuses mostly on explaining the origin
  of people and things.