POLITICAL VIOLENCE AT THE INCA EMPIRE BASED IN SKELETAL

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POLITICAL VIOLENCE AT THE INCA EMPIRE BASED IN
SKELETAL
POLITICAL VIOLENCE AT THE INCA EMPIRE BASED IN
SKELETAL
ALFREDO J. ALTAMIRANO-ENCISO
ALFREDO J. ALTAMIRANO-ENCISO
Research of OSWALDO CRUZ FOUNDATION, Rio de
Janeiro
Research of OSWALDO CRUZ FOUNDATION, Rio de
Janeiro
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INTRODUCTION
Th inca empire or Tawantinsuyo was the most great
civilization of New World that expanded for more
six andean countries Argentina, Chile, Bolivia,
Perú, Ecuador and Colombia during 1460-1532 d.C..
They spoke the quíchua, aymara, quignam, muchik
and others languages. Beginning in Cusco place
with the Ayarmaca and Killke, between XII-XIII
centuries, across a political of competence and
fight by the control of new lands for
agriculture. Their experience in wars was
complemented by reciprocity and redistribution.
Peoples conquered were anexed at inca empire like
mitmaq (prisioners) to build cities, roads,
bridge, and disturb several populations to
diferent parts of andean world. The ritual of
sacrifice camelids and guinea pig was due
frequently in those works. In the Rimac valley
lived the Ichmas or Ichimay people.
Paleopatological studies in human skulls of
Makat-Tampu, Zapán, Limatambo and Ancón sites
revel that had a political violence (VP) in
central coast. It was incremented by introduction
of mitmaq Huarochiri and Canta. The control of
Rimac valley was always appreciated by
highlanders since Early Intermiddle period
(100-700 d.C.). Conflicts between yungas and
highlanders occurred frequently in the valley by
control of good lands a abundant water.
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THE INCA EMPIRE OR TAWANTINSUYO, XIV-XVI
centuries a.C.
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TRADITIONAL HIPOTHESIS
Según los documentos históricos hispanos revela
que la costa central, especificamente el valle
del Rímac, fue ocupado por los Ichmas o Ichimay,
habitantes de los valles Lurin y Rimac, y
subjugados em forma pacifica por Tupac Yupanqui
em 1470 proque el dios Pachacamac era similar al
dios Wiracocha (Espinoza 1990 Rostworowski 1978,
1992). Además, el valle era fertil, tenía muchos
canales de riego y vivian mas de 150 mil
habitantes (Rowe 1956, Shady 1984).
MODERN PALEOPATOLOGICAL HIPOTHESIS
La conquista del valle del Rímac fue dificil y se
libraron constantes conflictos entre los ichmas y
mitmaq-Huarochiri. Tensión que crecia por el
control de los canales de irrigación del valle.
Este stress y la fundación de tambos como
Makat-tampu, Limatambo, Armatambo e Ichmatampu
(en Pachacamac) era parte de la violencia
politica (VP) practicado por los incas en el
valle bajo del Rimac y Lurin.
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LOCALIZATION OF MAKAT-TAMPU ON THE CENTRAL COAST,
RIMAC VALLEY, PERU, before Incas arrived
INCA MUMMY FROM ARMATAMBO, RIMAC VALLEY, LIMA,
MUSEUM OF ARCHEOLOGY OF UNMSM
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THE MATERIAL
Between 1999-2000, were analyzed 241 skulls from
Makat-Tampu, site (Lima). It is deposited in the
Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Antropologia and
Historia (MNHAA) of Lima, Peru. The material was
excavated by Toribio Mexia Xesspe in 1945. In
1951, it was studied by Mary F. Ericksen.
Actually, this material is in Physical
Anthropological Laboratory of MNHAA. The
preservation is good.
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METHODOLOGY Age determination of the skull
Gener determination of the skull

• Lateral eminences of frontal
• Superciliar Arch
• Malar bone constitution
• Canine form
• Zigomatic arch constitution
• Petross portion os temporal
• Elevation of nasal bone

-Dental eruption -Skull sutures -Fusion of
fontanelas -Fusion of basilar suture -Osteons
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DIRECT METHOD Paleopatological study
Hiperostose porótica (Anemia) e modelação
fronto-ocipital, Costa Central, Peru
Sífilis e modelação tabular ereta, cráneo de
Paracas, Ica (Peru)
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RESEARCHING MUMMIES AND SKULLS WITH TRAUMATIC
BONE LESIONS (MNAAH, Perú)
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Results
The skeletal material was well preserved and 9
men and 2 women, aged up to 30 years (4.56 of
the skulls), had peri and pre-mortem nasal,
frontal, and parietal fractures.
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Results
-11 cases (4,56) 9 men and 2 women adults with
nasal and frontal lesions with trrauma skulls. N
142, n 11 cases. -The deformation os skull
indicates that they were people procedent of the
Lima highland perhaps Huarochiri or Canta people.
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ARMAS LITICAS INCAS QUE IMPACTARON LOS CRANEOS
ICHIMAY, MAKAT-TAMPU, PERU, 1470-1532 d.C.
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CIRURGICAL OPERATION OF SKULL AT PARACAS SOCIETY
(1.000-800 B.C.)
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COMPARISON WITH THE ICONOGRAPHY OF NORTH COAST,
MOCHICA POTTERY
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EVOLUTION OF LITIC PROJECTIL POINT, RIMAC VALLEY
(Between 10.000 - 1.000 a.C.)
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PARALELOS PACATNAMÚ, PERU, MASACRE DE GUERREROS
CHIMU, 1.100-1.300 d.C. (Verano 1995)
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VIOLENCE AT MOCHE SOCIETY Centuries I-VII a.C.,
Beginning of Mitmaq
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RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMA SKULL FROM MAKAT-TAMPU
USING MOCHE ART AND STONE CIRCULAR LITIC
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PRISIONERS MOCHE CULTURE I-VII Centuries A.C.,
ORIGIN OF MITMAQ
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INCA POLITICAL VIOLENCE BY HUAMAN POMA (1616)
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LA LLEGADA DE LOS ESPAÑOLES, 1532 d.C., MUERTE DE
ATAHUALPA Y LA CAIDA DEL IMPERIO INCA
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CONCLUSIONS

• -The skeletal material was well preserved and 9
  men and 2 women, aged up to 30 years (4.56 of
  the skulls), had peri and pre-mortem nasal,
  frontal, and parietal fractures. Its were
  fractured by violence causa during inca
  installation at central coast of Rimac valley.
• -The deformation os skull indicates that they
  were people procedent of the highland perhaps
  Huarochiri or Canta people. They were mitmaq.
• -The depression of frontal is an indicator that
  it was did by litic instrument like porra or
  macana.
• Others village like Makat-tampu, Limatampu,
  Zapan, Macas and Huarochiri are indicators of the
  political violence during the inca
  administration.
• Mitmaq were the people with most stress
  (strangers) introduced in new regions to inca
  occupation.

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THE COLLAPSE OF INCA EMPIRE
EXTERNAL FACTORS
INTRODUCTION F VIRAL DISEASES OF OLD WORLD
Smallpox, measless, syphilis, cold, typhoid
fever, pneumoy, peste. Great mortality of
population and dead about 95. CATEQUIZATION AND
SANTA INQUISITION
THE DEAD OF ATAHUALPA INCA (23/11/1532)
ANDEAN PEOPLE WERE BURNED
INTERNAL FATORS terrorisms, rebelions,
treasons, economic crises, sacks, etc.
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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
To Dr. Mauro Célio de A. Marzochi, physician,
especialist in leishmaniasis (assessor
teacher). to Dr. João Soares Moreira,
otorrinolaringologist, especialist in
leishmaniasis of faringe (co-orientador). to
Dra. Keyla Feldman Marzochi, directora do
IPEC/Fiocruz, by his constant help during of
developing of research. At ENSP, to Dra. Sheila
Mendonça de Souza, physician and the first
specialist in brazilian paleopathology. To all
members of the National Reference Center in
Leishmaniases of Evandro Chagas Clinical
Institute at FIOCRUZ. Part of this estudy was
realized between 1999-2000, to prepare my
doctoral thesis.