The Federal Bureaucracy

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The Federal Bureaucracy
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The combination of people, procedures, and
agencies through which the federal government
operates makes up the FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY. A
bureaucracy is a complex system of organization.
Article II, section 2 of the Constitution says
that the President may need to consult with the
principle officer in each of the executive
departments. Other than this vague reference,
the Constitution is silent.
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The bureaucracy is administered by the executive
branch, and is regulated by the legislative
branch.
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Development of an Executive Staff

• Employment of first paid presidential clerk, 1857
• Employment of three secretaries five
  assistants, 1939
• Reorganization Act (1939) this established the
  Executive Office of the President expanded
  advisors of the president into the White House
  Staff.

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The White House Staff Duties Provides advice to
the President, creates policy options, channels
and organizes information, write speeches and
policy papers, organizes the schedule of the
President, controls access to the president,
monitors maintains contact with the executive
bureaucracy.
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Key Individuals in the White House Staff . . .
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Chief of Staff organizes staff controls access
to the President

Press Secretary Handles schedules press
briefings conferences prepares press releases
First Lady Ceremonial hostess since Dolly
Madison Hillary Rodham Clinton Eleanor
Roosevelt have not served as hostesses, but have
taken an active role in assisting their husbands.
Vice-President Presiding officer of Senate
after 1950, unofficial duties increased.
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• Executive Office of the President
• Office of Management Budget (OMB), 1970
  prepares the budget of the president to be sent
  to Congress.
• Management of the deficit.
• Monitoring of funds allocated by Congress
• Overseer of Federal bureaucracy

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National Security Council Members are the
president, Vice-President, Secretaries of Defense
State In attendance are Director of the CIA
and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff Duties Advice to President on national
security issues
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Office of Policy Development Chairman Staff
Assists the President in policy development,
providing of information non domestic matters.
Council of Economic Advisors Three economists
who provide info on the state of the economy for
the US assist the President with messages about
economy to Congress.
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Other Offices . . . Council on Environmental
Quality Office of Science Technology Office
of US Trade Representative Office of the
Vice-President Intelligence Oversight
Board Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board Office of National Drug Control
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The rest of the bureaucracy
The Cabinet Independent Executive
Agencies Independent Regulatory Agencies
Regulatory Agencies Public Corporations
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Cabinet Advice to the President in particular
area of expertise. Cabinet Offices 1.
State 15. Dept. of Homeland Security 2.
Treasury 3. War (now Defense) 4. Interior 5.
Justice 6. Agriculture 7. Commerce 8. Labor 9.
Health, Education welfare 10. Housing Urban
Development 11. Transportation 12. Energy 13.
Education 14. Veterans Affairs
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Independent Executive Agencies Executive
organizations without Cabinet level affiliation.
Examples NASA, EPA, CIA Top administrator,
appointed by the President without senate
approval Congress restricts through budget and
oversight.
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Independent Regulatory Agencies Congressionally
formed bipartisan agencies independent of the
President Congress. Examples FCC, FTC,
ICC Holds hearing to determine violations. Made
of of a bipartisan board, with lengthy, staggered
terms appointed by the President, approved by
Senate
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Regulatory Agencies Examples FDA, OHSHA, IRS,
Federal Reserve System Regulates economic
activity Appointed by President without Senate
approval Congress restricts through budget
oversight.
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Public Corporations Created by legislative
charters. Example FDIC, TVE, US Postal
Service Board of Directors to create policy
General manger to implement policy appointed by
President with Senate approval budget
appropriated by Congress government ownership of
stock.
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Influences on the Bureaucracy Congress creates
new departments, agencies, commissions, controls
budgets, maintains of civil service system.
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President Overall coordination of the
bureaucracy appoints leadership, most times with
Senate approval submits annual budget to the
Congress power to reform and reorganize
bureaucracy.
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Problems with a bureaucracy Poor coordination
between among departments, agencies,
commissions. Rigid, maybe unclear guidelines and
regulations. Huge bureaucracy in 20th Century. A
whole bunch of red tape.