Imperialism and Nationalism during the 19th century

1
Imperialism and Nationalism during the 19th
century

• Western Civilizations

2
The Congress of Vienna

• Held Sept. 1814 through June 1815
• Goal?
• rebuild Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I
• Bring back monarchy
• Effect?
• Denial of democracy and nationalism
• "put the genie back in the            
  bottle"       

3
Map of Europe after The Congress of Vienna 1815
4
European Imperialism

• Reasons for European Imperialism during the 19th
  century
• Scientific expeditions
• Economics
• Raw materials
• Control of the source of materials to support
  manufacturing
• Break the monopoly on materials controlled by
  another country
• Control of markets
• Wanted to end slavery (1700's and early 1800's)
• Especially strong in England
• Brazil had the largest slave trade in the world
• The US had prohibited the trading of slaves even
  though slavery was still practiced

5
BRITAIN
6
British Empire

• Early 1600s
• North American
• Asia under the East India Company
• Beginnings of the Empire
• 1707
• Union with Scotland and Wales (1707)
• 1800
• Union with Ireland
• 1921
• Ireland won its independence
• Except Northern Ireland is still part of the
  United Kingdom

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Explorers and scientists

• James Cook (1728-1779)
• Discovered many lands
• Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Samoa, Hawaii,
  and others
• HMS Beagle (1831)
• Darwin
• Investigation of botanical and animal species
  around the world
• David Livingstone (1813-1873)
• Missionary/explorer in Africa
• Famous for his
• mapping of the Zambezi River
• search for the source of the Nile

James Cook
HMS Beagle
David Livingstone
8
Expansion into Africa by Britain

• British trade expanded throughout Africa during
  the 1700's and 1800's
• When local tribes were unstable Britain would
  take control
• Result of the Boer War
• South Africa strengthened and held against
  natives
• Established a protectorate over Egypt
• Suez Canal
• Extended its rule from Egypt to the Sudan
• By the end of Victoria's reign, one-third of
  Africa was under British rule

9
Queen Victoria 1837-1901

• Her most lasting achievement was the Empire
• sun never set.
• During her reign she conquered
• Egypt in 1881
• Canada in 1867
• Empress of India in 1876
• After her death in 1901
• Edward VII conquered Australia and New Zealand in
  1907
• South Africa in 1910
• Ireland in 1922

Portrait of Queen Victoria in her Coronation
robes and wearing the State Diadem
http//www.pbs.org/empires/victoria/secrets/index.
html
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The Sun Never Sets
11
RUSSIA
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Russia

• Romanoff Dynasty
• Longest dynasty in Europe
• Thought of themselves as the next Roman Empire
• Russian expansion
• Baltic states
• Central Asia and Siberia
• Black Sea ports
• Crimean War (1853-1856)
• Russia was defeated by Britain and France
• Effects?
• Russia began a strong effort at industrialization
  
• not too successfully
• Russia built up its military

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Russia Revolution of 1905

• Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War
• large group went to ask Czar Nicholas II for
  improved living conditions
• Nicholas was out of the city
• Troops opened fire on the people
• killing many
• People all over Russia turned against the Czar
• many strikes
• peasant revolts
• troop mutinies
• Nicholas was forced to accept a Manifesto
• limited his power
• Created a representative body
• The Duma

Czar Nicholas II
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FRANCE
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Lots of leaders throughout the 1800s

• Louis XVIII
• Younger brother of Louis XVI
• Kept many of the changes made under Napoleon
• Charles X
• Tried to undo the Napoleonic changes
• Revolution of 1830
• toppled Charles X who went to England in exile
• Louis Philippe
• Became king after agreeing to some changes
• 1848 worker revolt
• Louis Philippe loses power

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Lots of leaders throughout the 1800s

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
• Elected president in 1848
• Second Republic was declared
• declared the Second Empire
• called himself Napoleon III
• Napoleon III was overthrown in 1870
• result of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian
  War
• The Third Republic was proclaimed
• coup d'etat in 1871
• series of weak governments until WWI
• Expansion into Africa
• North Africa was occupied by the French in 1834

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Spain
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Loss of Territories

• Early 1800s
• Revolutions in South America almost all of
  Spain's territories away
• Mexico gained its independence
• 1833
• Liberals took control
• Isabella II became a constitutional monarch
• eventually overthrown
• 1876
• Stable constitutional monarchy
• Eventually Spain became chaotic and another
  revolution ensued
• still unstable even though it kept power until
  after WWI

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Belgium
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Belgium

• 1830s
• constitutional monarchy with Leopold as king
• Queen Victorias uncle
• 1884
• Colonized the Belgian Congo

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Germany
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Political Changes

• During the Middle Ages
• divided into small states
• A strong German identity existed
• The Congress of Vienna 1815
• Created a German Confederation
• The Revolution of 1848
• Set off by the French revolution of 1848
• People wanted a truly national and more
  representative congress
• A constitution and limited monarchy was
  established

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Bismark and Wilhelm

• 1862 Otto von Bismarck became prime minister
• policy of military expansion
• started a war with
• Austria
• Won it in 7 days
• The Franco-Prussian war
• Germans defeated the French (1870)
• German Empire was created
• Wilhelm I became the kaiser
• Bismarck became the chancellor
• Colonized several states in East Africa and Samoa
  

Otto von Bismarck
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Italy
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Italy

• Middle Ages
• bunch of small states
• Revolution of 1848
• Austrians were defeated
• Counter-revolution of 1849
• restored all of Austria's holdings
• eliminated the republics
• toppled the throne in Sardinia
• Victor Emmanuel II was put on the throne as a
  more enlightened leader
• War of 1859
• 1849 to 1859
• Italian people wanted an Italian kingdom run by
  Victor Emmanuel II
• Idea was suppressed by the Austrians

Italy in 1848
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Italy

• The Kingdom of Italy was declared which covered
  all of northern Italy and Sardinia
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Began a revolt in Sicily in 1860
• Freed it from the Bourbons (king of Sicily)
• Garibaldi and his red shirt army marched
  northward and captured Naples where the people
  were already in revolt
• Garibaldi united his territories with those of
  Victor Emmanuel II as King of Italy
• Rome was also conquered (1870) and the Papal
  States taken over with only Vatican City given to
  the church as its territory
• All Italy, except San Marino and Vatican City,
  are under one government
• Creativity and Nationalism
• Can political change be considered creative?
• Is political stability a force for or against
  creativity?
• Is nationalism a spur for creativity or a
  detriment?
• What were the forces behind Empire building?
• Did the Victorian attitude toward life promote or
  detract from creativity?