Mid-19c European Nationalism

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Mid-19c European Nationalism
Humanities Department
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The Crimean War 1854-1856

• The Crimean War appeared to be a war in which
  Russian Czar Nicholas I wished to protect the
  Greek Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire.
• Upon further analysis, however, it becomes
  evident that the czar had other motives for his
  actions. Among these motives, the following were
  the strongest
• He was anxious to possess a warm water port for
  trade.
• He wanted to control Constantinople as a
  preliminary move in the conquest of India.
• He wanted to ward off any possible uprisings that
  might stir up his already restless subjects,
  cause them to revolt against him, and eventually
  unseat him as czar.

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The Crimean War cont

• The war began as a battle between the Turks and
  the Russians.
• The British became involved shortly after Czar
  Nicholas suggested to Lord George Seymour that
  Russia and Britain dismantle and share the
  Ottoman territory.
• But which side would the British enter on?

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The Crimean War cont

• Seymour did not agree to the czars proposal
  since it would be a potential threat to British
  naval interests in the Black Sea area if the
  Russians took control of the Dardanelles.

Dardanelles
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The Crimean War cont

• British leaders were divided on the issue of how
  to settle the matter of the Eastern question.
  Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen and Foreign
  Secretary Lord Clarendon believed that the
  settlement could be a peaceful one, whereby
  Russia and Britain would sit down with the other
  nations involved and reach a settlement.

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The Crimean War cont

• The majority of the British people, however,
  sided with Lord Palmerston, a former Foreign
  Secretary who felt that the only answer to
  Russian force was British force.
• The press in Great Britain helped the campaign by
  reminding readers how much they loved Ottoman
  culture and how deep their anti-Russian feelings
  ran.
• This pressure, coupled with the Russians
  declaration of war on the Ottomans in October
  1853, increased the British pro-war sentiment.

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The Crimean War 1854-1856
Russiaclaimed protectorship over the Orthodox
Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardi
nia
The Crimean War (October 1853 February 1856)
was a conflict between the Russian Empire and an
alliance of the French Empire, the British
Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of
Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running
contest between major European powers for
influence over territories of the declining
Ottoman Empire.
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The Crimean War cont

• In March 1854, both Britain and France declared
  war on Russia.
• Britain entered to preserve her trade line and to
  keep Russia from spreading its territorial
  holdings.
• France entered primarily to endure that if any
  territorial changes took place, she would have a
  part in the process.

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The Crimean War cont

• The loss of life was great during this war.
• The largest single loss of life was most probably
  the Battle of Balaklava, more commonly known as
  the Charge of the Lights Brigade, made famous by
  Alfred, Lord Tennysons poem.
• During this battle, a misunderstanding of orders
  sent six hundred British soldiers charging into
  the deadly fire of Russian artillery.

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The Charge of the Light BrigadeThe Battle of
Balaklava 1854
Half a league, half a league,   Half a league
onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the
six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge
for the guns!" he saidInto the valley of Death
  Rode the six hundred
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord
Tennyson To learn more about Tennyson click
here http//www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson
/tennybio.html
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The Crimean War cont

• In addition to deaths sustained in battle, many
  lives were lost due to an outbreak of cholera.
• The war lasted about two and a half years, and
  casualties were estimated at two hundred and
  fifty thousand.
• Russia was defeated when the British captured the
  Russian port of Sevastopol.

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Florence Nightingale 1820-1910
http//www.who2.com/bio/florence-nightingale
The Lady with the Lamp
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Peace Negotiations Treaty of Paris

• In Paris on February 25, 1856
• Did not
• lead to significant territorial changes
• require Russia to pay reparations
• Did
• guarantee the independence of the Ottoman Empire
  with freedom from Russian intervention on any
  level.
• provisions guaranteeing autonomy to Wallachia and
  Moldavia (present-day Romania).
• the waters and ports of the Black Sea were to
  remain neutral an open to all nations.

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Treaty of Paris 1856

• No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black
  Sea.
• All the major powers agreed to respect the
  political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Who benefitted? Who lost big?
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The Crimean War 1854-1856
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Lets see if you learned anything

• What reason did Czar Nicholas I give for
  initiating a war with the Turks?
• What were his real, underlying motives?
• Was all of Britain in favor of going to war with
  Russia?
• What did Britain have to lose in this struggle?
• Why did France enter the war?
• What was the tragedy of the Battle of Balaklava?
• What were the results of the Treaty of Paris?

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Italian Unification
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Divisions in Italy Provinces

• Sprang from the inspiration given by the French
  Revolutions ideals of liberty, equality, and
  fraternity.
• Intellectuals and Middle Class sought to free the
  peninsula from foreign control.
• Spanish Bourbons kingdoms of Naples and Sicily
• Austrian Empire (Hapsburg Princes) Lombardy,
  Venetia and indirect control of Modera, Lucca,
  Parma, and Tuscany
• Only the Papal States, which were controlled by
  the Pope, and the kingdom of Sardinia, which
  included Nice, Savoy, and Piedmont, were not
  controlled by foreign governments.

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Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi GaribaldiThe Sword
Giuseppi MazziniThe Heart
Count CavourThe Head
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Step 1 Carbonari Insurrections 1820-1821
Coalmen.
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Giuseppe Mazzini

• Planted the first seeds of revolution
• Carbonari (Society of Coal Burners)
• Naples and Turin (1820 1821)
• Unsuccessful due to lack of organization and
  support
• 1831, founded a group known as Young Italy to
  correct the weakness of the Carbonari (not much
  more successful)
• Effective speaker for Il Risorgimento the
  resurgence Roman national pride
• Giuseppe Garibaldi influential follower

Giuseppi MazziniThe Heart
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Step 2 Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the
Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?
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Sardinia-Piedmont The Magnet
Italian unification movementRisorgimento
Resurgence
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Major ContendersWho would be the controlling
force of a united Italy?

• Piedmont Charles Albert

• Papal States Pope Pius IX

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Revolution of 1848

• Sicily forced the Bourbons to grant a
  constitution
• Charles Albert granted a constitution to Piedmont
  and joined in the effort to fight off foreign
  control
• When victory for Italy seemed inevitable, the
  Papal States withdrew, refusing to war with
  another Roman Catholic country
• This action caused all of the other territories
  to withdraw as well, leaving Charles Albert alone
  to be defeated by Austria
• Italian Nationalists, upset, ran Pope Pius IX out
  of Rome.
• However, Louis Napoleon sent armies to restore
  Rome to the Popes control

Pope Pius IX The Spoiler?
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Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April
30, 1849)
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Step 3 Cavour Napoleon III Meet at
Plombières, 1858
What deals are made here?
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Count Camillo Cavour

• Advisor to Charles Albert and his son Victor
  Emmanuel II
• Master of realpolitik
• German origin that means practical or sometimes
  politics.
• 1858, meet secretly with Napoleon III
• France promised to aid Piedmont in the battle to
  drive out Austria
• Napoleon III pulled out of war a few months in
  due to pressure from the Catholics. He called
  for an armistice with Emperor Francis Joseph of
  Austria.
• Results
• Lombardy to Piedmont
• Venetia remained under Austrian control
• Unification would be under Papal States

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Step 4 Austro-Sardinian War,1859
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Step 5 Austro-Prussian War, 1866

• Austria loses control of Venetia.
• Venetia is annexed to Italy.

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Step 6 Garibaldi His Red Shirts Unite
with Cavour
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Step 7 French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Franco-Prussian War

• Italy is united!

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A Unified Peninsula!

• A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right
  Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping
  Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

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The Kingdom of Italy 1871
What problems still remain for Italy?
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Problems in the Kingdom of Italy 1871

• Language
• A centralized government
• Equity between the wealthy north and the
  impoverished south
• Transportation
• Social reforms

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German Unification
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Zollverein German Customs Union

• Prussian goals
• as a political tool to eliminate Austrian
  influence in Germany
• as a way to improve the economies
• and to strengthen Germany against potential
  French aggression while reducing the economic
  independence of smaller states

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Prussia/Austria Rivalry
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Key Players
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Kaiser Wilhelm I

• House of Hohenzollern
• Under his leadership and his Chancellor Otto von
  Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of
  Germany and the establishment of the German Empire

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Helmut von Moltke

• German Field Marshal
• He is regarded as one of the great strategists of
  the latter 19th century, and the creator of a
  new, more modern method of directing armies in
  the field.
• Austro-Prussian War
• Franco-Prussian War

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Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The IronChancellor
Realpolitik
BloodIron
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Otto von Bismarck . . . .

• The less people know about how sausages and laws
  are made, the better theyll sleep at night.
• Never believe in anything until it has been
  officially denied.
• The great questions of the day will not be
  settled by speeches and majority decisionsthat
  was the mistake of 1848-1849but by blood and
  iron.

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Otto von Bismarck . . . .

• I am bored. The great things are done. The
  German Reich is made.
• A generation that has taken a beating is always
  followed by a generation that deals one.
• Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will
  provoke the next war.

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TheGermanConfederation
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Step 1 The Danish War1864
The Peace ofVienna
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Step 2 Austro-Prussian WarSeven Weeks War,
1866
Prussia
Austria
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Step 3 Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867

• Shortly following the victory of Prussia,
  Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German
  Confederation.

• He then established a new North German
  Confederation which Prussia could control ? Peace
  of Prague

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Step 4 Ems Dispatch 1870 Catalyst for War

• 1868 revolt in Spain.
• Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von
  Hohenz.a cousin to the Kaiser aCatholic, as
  their new king.
• France protested his name was withdrawn.
• The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
  apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
• Bismarck doctored the telegram from Wilhelm to
  the French Ambassador to make it seem as though
  the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

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Step 5 Franco-Prussian War1870-1871
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Step 5 Franco-Prussian War1870-1871
German soldiers abusing the French.
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Bismarck Napoleon III After Sedan
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Treaty of Frankfurt 1871

• The Second French Empire collapsed and was
  replaced by the Third French Empire.
• The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.
• Russia put warships in the Black Sea in defiance
  of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the
  Crimean War. -------------------
• France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by
  German troops until it was paid.
• France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany a region
  rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile
  industry.

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Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm Ir. 18711888
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Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the
Kaiser
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German Imperial Flag
German for Empire.
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Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag
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Bismarcks KulturkampfAnti-Catholic Program

• Take education and marriage out of the hands of
  the clergy ? civil marriages only recognized.
• The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.
• The education of Catholic priests would be under
  the supervision of the German government.

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Bismarcks ReapproachmentWith the Catholic Church
Bismarck Pope Leo XIII
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Kaiser Wilhelm II r. 1888-1918
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Queen Victorias Grandchildren
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DroppingthePilot1890
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Eastern Europe in the Last Half of the 19c
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Differing Nationalities in theAustrian Empire
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Austrian Imperial Flag
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Emperor Franz Josef I r.
1848-1916
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The Compromise of 1867The Dual Monarchy ?
Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
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Russian Imperial Flag
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Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire
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Nicholas I r. 1825-1855

• Autocracy!
• Orthodoxy!
• Nationalism!

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Alexander II r. 1855-1881

• Defeat in the Crimean War.
• Emancipation of the Russian serfs 1861-1863.

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Alexander III r. 1881-1894

• Reactionary.
• Slavophile.
• Russification program.
• Jews ? forced migration to the Pale

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Russian Expansion
ThePale
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Forced Migration of Russias Jews
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The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19cThe Sicker Man of
Europe