Session 4: Migration

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Session 4 Migration

• Migration - moving permanent place of residence
• Can have many types of migration e.g.
• Urban to rural
• Rural to urban
• International
• migration has different causes
• Economic
• Social
• Environmental
• Can be forced or voluntary
• Forced persecution, torture due to ethnicity,
  politics or religion
• Forced environmental disasters
• Voluntary economic migration to get a job
• Voluntary to improve home
• Based on Push and Pull factors
• Refugees - people forced to leave home
• Asylum seekers - people who claim right to live
  in a country to escape persecution or torture

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Session 4 Migration

• International Migration Case Study - Turkey to
  Germany
• Causes
• Push factors from Turkey Post WW2 low
  agricultural wages in Turkey, shortage of
  non-agricultural jobs, later family ties to
  Germany, depopulated rural areas
• Pull factors to Germany Post WW2 need for manual
  labour in reconstruction, Guestworker system in
  Western Germany cities such as Hamburg offer
  purpose built accommodation, later jobs in
  manufacturing - given permission to remain and
  later families to join
• Impacts
• On Turkey ageing population, brain and skills
  drains, depopulation and dereliction of rural
  areas
• On Germany Culture clash and gang culture
  develops, especially since re-unification - neo
  nazi groups, Turks lack benefits and may be
  deported without trial, saturation of certain
  sectors of the economy, becomes political vote
  winner, Germanys population structure is more
  balanced - heavily ageing otherwise
• Tends to focus on W Germany and urban areas -
  Berlin especially
• When considering migration write about impacts on
  both countries - origin and destination

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Session 4 Energy

• Definitions renewable, non-renewable, fossil
  fuels, sustainable, resources
• Changes to UK energy use over time
• Decrease in domestic coal production - imports
• Increase in use of gas and sustainable energy
• Stability then decline of nuclear power
• Long term decline in fossil fuels?
• How resources are extracted/generated
• coal mines - open cast and deep pits
• oil - drilling rigs and pipelines - super-tankers
• wind turbines - wind farms
• Hydroelectric dams and water turbines

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• Open cast mining
• Problems
• - few permanent jobs created
• - coal is transported by heavy road vehicles
• - increase in noise from mine and road vehicles
• - increase in dust
• - environmental destruction
• - loss of habitats
• Case Study - Nant Helen, S Wales - Celtic Energy
• - removal of oak woodlands - Selar Woods
• - objection by local villagers
• - Celtic energy planned to expand and buy power
  station to supply
• - rivers and streams diverted
• - topsoil stripped and eroded
• - loss of 20 hectares agricultural land and hill
  sheep grazing
• Attempted solutions
• - lining of water courses with plastic
• - afforestation with Scots pine

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Acid rain - burning fossil fuels like coal
contribute to acid rain. - power stations give
out sulphur dioxide. - the so2 is carried in the
air by the winds. - the so2 may fall to the
ground as dry deposits. - some is washed to the
ground by rain acid rain. Effects -
buildings rot away e.g. Acropolis in Athens. -
aluminium is released from the soil which is
washed into lakes killing fish. - water supply
can become acidic causing health problems. - acid
rain can also poison tree roots so forests die. -
soils become acid so crops wont grow without
adding lime. Solutions to acid rain - add lime
to lakes and to soil this is only a temporary
measure. - fix desulphurising equipment to power
stations to reduce so2 levels this is
expensive Why is acid rain an international
problem? Some countries are exporters of acid
rain e.g. U.K. Other countries are affected by
sources beyond their boundaries e.g. Scandinavia
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Session 4 Energy

• Burning fossil fuels can also cause global
  warming
• Global warming is a result of greenhouse gasses
  like CO2, methane, CFCs and nitrous oxides
  building up in the Earth's atmosphere.
• The gasses help stop the heat from the sun
  escaping into space.
• Climate is changing as a result - no just heating
  up!
• Causes
• One main cause has been the burning of fossil
  fuels by industry and in power stations.
• The other main cause is deforestation. Trees take
  in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
• Effects
• Not all parts of the world will get warmer. Some
  areas may suffer reductions in temperature or
  become wetter e.g.U.K.
• Ice caps will melt as temperatures increase. Sea
  levels will rise flooding low lying areas like
  Bangladesh and the Maldives.
• Extreme weather events will become more common
  e.g floods, tornadoes, droughts. This will effect
  farming.
• Seasons may change - so growing cycles alter
• Know the impacts on a location you have studied -
  UK, Bangladesh etc.

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Session 4 Energy

• Oil in Alaska
• Located in North of Alaska - Prudhoe bay - need
  to extract to fuel US energy demands
• Natural hazards prevent shipment by tanker from
  Prudhoe Bay
• Pipeline the chosen scheme over several ranges of
  Mountains -e.g. Alaska and Brooks Ranges
• Over Active Earthquake zone and permafrost,
  through Caribou migration route
• Through a number of wildlife refuges and National
  parks
• Creates jobs - main employer other than fishing
  or forestry
• Improves port infrastructure and economy of
  settlements in Prince William Sound and Valdez
• Raises risk of Oil spill - e.g. 1989 Exxon Valdez
  Disaster
• Prince William sound
• 10km slick - 1700 km of coast affected
• Harbour Seals and whales threatened - 10 year
  recovery of wildlife
• Salmon Fisheries destroyed
• Seaward and homer lose fishing industry
• 843 million cost of cleanup
• Use of hand cleaning, oil booms and chemical
  spray dispersants

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Session 4 Energy

• Sustainable Energy Generation
• Wind turbines
• Hydroelectricity
• Geothermal energy
• Tidal
• Solar
• Advantages and disadvantages of these and how
  they work
• Case Study Ghana - Akisombo Dam -
  hydroelectricity and Lake Volta
• Nuclear Energy - Case Study - Chernobyl, Ukraine
• Advantages
• Very little uranium is needed.
• Nuclear power is cleaner and less polluting than
  coal or oil.
• Nuclear power doesnt contribute to acid rain or
  global warming.
• Disadvantages
• Nuclear power stations are expensive to build and
  decommission.
• Nuclear waste remains radioactive for thousands
  of years.
• There is always a danger of accidents leaks and
  sabotage.
• Radio active material escaping is a health
  hazard.