Chapter 2 Section 3

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Chapter 2 Section 3

• World History
• Mr. Majewski
• Glen Ridge High School
• Grade 8

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Key Terms Chapter 2 Section 3

• Pastoral Nomads
• Indo-Europeans
• Hittites
• Phoenicians
• Abraham
• David
• Old Testament
• 10 Commandments
• Yahweh
• Babylonian Captivity

• Israelites
• King Solomon
• Jerusalem
• Monotheistic
• Tyre
• Murex Snails
• Phoinix
• Carriers of Civilization

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A person who domesticates animals for food and
clothing and moves along regular migratory routes
to provide a steady source of nourishment for
those animals

• Pastoral Nomads

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Role of Nomads

• Pastoralism has much more in common culturally
  with hunting and gathering styles of life than
  with sedentary agriculture.

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Pastoral Nomads

• Necessity to move the herds continually in search
  of fresh pastures makes this a wandering, nomadic
  life.
• Human and livestock populations tended to wax and
  wane according to the vagaries of the weather -
  rainfall and availability of grass.
• While pastoral life is demanding and often
  dangerous, it is, as a way of life, relatively
  stable over long periods of time.
• What one generation knew and did, the next
  generation knew and did.

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Hittites

• 1600 1200 BC
• Indo-European
• 1st to use iron weapons.
• Skilled in building and using chariots.

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PHOINIX
Murex Snails

• The name Phoenicia comes from the Greek word
  phoinix, meaning
• purple red.
• Name is for famous purple red dye of the Murex
  snail that is produced in this region.

Hexaplex trunculus
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Colonies
Major Difference?

• Phoenicia was based upon independent city states,
  and eventually, colonies as far away as Spain.
• Phoenicians were merchants and traders.
• They colonized strategic spots but were never
  warlords.

Merchants
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The Phoenicians

• During the Dark Ages, Phoenicians got even
  stronger and began to start colonies all over
  Mediterranean.
• One of the most important of these colonies was
  Carthage, Africa.
• But there were many others.

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The Alphabet
Phoenicians

• The Phoenician alphabetic script of 22 letters
  was used as early as the 15th century B.C.
• This method of writing, is the ancestor of the
  modern Roman alphabet. It was Phoenicians' most
  remarkable and distinctive contribution to
  civilization.

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Worlds 1st Alphabet

• First inventions are sometimes a little rough and
  need to get the bugs worked out, and so it was
  with this new alphabet which the Phoenicians made
  popular. 
• It consisted of 22 consonants . . . but no
  vowels. 
• The reader was assumed to speak the language, so
  they would know what sound to put between the
  consonants. 
• Looking back at their inscriptions a few thousand
  years later, it is not so obvious. 
• That is one reason why you will see different
  spellings for the same word or name. 

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Carriers of Civilization

• Excellent traders within the Mediterranean.
• Most notable exports were the purple dye known as
  Tyrian purple and glass manufacture.

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Carriers of Civilization

• Trade was possible by its excellent navy.
• It is believed by many historians that the
  Phoenicians may have traveled to Great Britain
  and Spain. This is a tremendous feat considering
  the level of technology at the time.

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The Phoenicians

• Tyre was the lead city until subjugated by
  Assyria during the 8th Century.
• Independence was achieved in 538 BC.
• Nebuchadnezzar II, takes Phoenicia into the
  Persian Empire.

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The Fall of the Phoenicians

• 539 BC the Phoenicians, like everybody else in
  West Asia, were conquered by the Persians.
• They became part of the Persian Empire, and the
  main part of the Persian navy.
• Because the Phoenicians had been conquered, they
  could not run their colonies anymore, and so
  Carthage and the other Phoenician colonies became
  independent.

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The Fall of the Phoenicians

• In 332 BC Alexander the Great attacked the main
  Phoenician capital, and the head of the Persian
  navy, Tyre.
• After a long siege, he captured Tyre, and the
  Phoenicians became part of his empire.