BIOL 104

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BIOL 104

• A review of some of the journey

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WATER!!

• If you remember nothing else from this lecture or
  even this class REMEMBER WATER!!
• Water is the most amazing and incredible molecule
  on the face of this earth.
• Water is the ultimate source of life as we know
  it and should be protected fiercely and shared.
• Water will ultimately determine whether or not we
  as a human race survive.

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Living Things are Alike

• Common Characteristics like
• Cells
• Organelles do the same things
• Tissues
• WORK TOGETHER IN A COORDINATED WAY
• Organs
• Function specific to tissue type

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Levels ofBiological Organization I
Cellular
Nerve Cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Molecular
DNA
Glucose
Water
Atomic
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Subatomic
Electron
Neutron
Proton
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Levels ofBiological Organization II
PronghornAntelope
Organismal
Organ System
NervousSystem
Organ
Brain
NervousTissue
Tissue
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Levels of Biological Organization III
Earthssurface
Biosphere
Air
Soil
Snake
Pronghorns
Ecosystem
Bushes
Water
Hawk
Grass
Hawk
Community
Pronghorns
Snake
Population
Herd of Pronghorns
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How do we study Biology?

• Pose and Test Theories
• Cell Theory--All organisms are composed of cells.
• Biogenesis--All life comes only from Life.
• Evolution--All living things have a common
  ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way
  of life.
• Gene--Organisms contain coded information that
  dictates function, form and behavior.

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THE HUMAN CELL
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Components of a Cell

• Nucleus--contained within a cell by nuclear
  envelope. The nucleus contains DNA.
• Ribosomes--these structures make protein.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum--this is a membrane network
  composed RER--rough has ribosomes makes proteins,
  and SER--smooth makes lipids.
• Golgi Apparatus--modifies proteins involved in
  secretion.
• Endomembrane system--Composed of nuclear
  envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes and Vesicles,
  these organelles all work together to make
  protein sorting and protein secretion possible.

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

• DNA holds the code
• DNA makes RNA
• RNA makes Protein
• DNA to DNA is called REPLICATION
• DNA to RNA is called TRANSCRIPTION
• RNA to Protein is called TRANSLATION

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Translation

• Translation requires
• Amino acids
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) Appropriate to its time,
  transfers AAs to ribosomes. The AAs join in
  cytoplasm to form proteins. 20 types. Loop
  structure
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Joins with proteins made in
  cytoplasm to form the subunits of ribosomes.
  Linear molecule.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries genetic material
  from DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm. Linear
  molecule.

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Mitochondria are not partof the endomembrane
system

• Contains its own genetic material
• Has 37 genes
• Directly passed on by your mother
• Does not change
• Mitochondria perform cellular respiration--literal
  ly cell breathing. Oxygen is used and CO2 is
  made. ATP is the end result.
• Fermentation occurs when there is no oxygen.

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HORMONES
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Types of Hormones

• Steroid Hormones
• These are all derived from cholesterol.
• Examples testosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
  mineralicoids, glucocorticoids.
• Steroids can cross the plasma membrane!

• Protein Hormones
• These are made of Amino Acids.
• Examples Insulin, Hypothalmus signaling
  hormones.
• Protein hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane!

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Endocrine overview

• Hormones are released by glands.
• Hormones are released by feedback.
• Our body works to carefully regulate hormone
  levels.
• Negative feedback usually controls hormone
  secretion.
• EXCEPT Oxytocin.
• This causes contractions during childbirth and
  milk letdown during nursing

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Hormone Action

• Hormones cause cells to change.
• Hormones can result in changes in gene expression
  (DNA-RNA-Protein).
• Hormones can result in enzyme cascades which
  control our metabolism.
• Hormones drive our reproductive systems.

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REPRODUCTIONandDEVELOPMENT
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How do we develop?

• On ovulation day, egg and sperm fuse to form
  zygote.
• Zygote divides, implants onto uterus and grows
  into Embryo and hangs out for about 9 months.
• Embryo decides it is time to breathe air, fetal
  adrenal glands trigger contractions and out comes
  baby.
• Baby grows grows grows into child, child
  undergoes puberty and becomes adult.
• Adult lives, works, reproduces (perhaps), gets
  gray hair and croaks.

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Life Cycle

• Adults produce gametes--egg and sperm.
• Gametes fuse to produce zygote.
• Zygote grows and develops to produce baby.
• Meiosis--process of division that produces
  gametes.
• Mitosis--process of replication and division
  required for growth.
• Adults, zygote and baby--2n. 2ndiploid
• Gametes--n. nhaploid

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Genotype and Phenotype

• Genotype genetic makeup--genes
• Phenotype physical makeup--looks,
  characteristics
• Genes code for proteins
• Genes linked to Characteristics physical,
  behavioral, intellectual and many other traits
• Trait--characteristic
• Allele

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Allele

• Allele Alternate form of a gene at same
  position on pair of chromosomes that affect the
  same trait.
• Dominant Allele Capital Letter--O
• Recessive Allele lowercase letter--o
• Homozygous Dominant--OO
• Homozygous Recessive--oo
• Heterozygous--Oo

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Pedigree Charts

• Pedigree charts can help determine if disorders
  are dominant or recessive.
• Malessquares, Femalescircles.
• Carrier appear healthy but have one allele, one
  copy of mutated gene.
• Pattern I Autosomal recessive--both parents are
  carriers, child affected.
• Pattern II Autosomal dominant--one parent is
  affected, affected child can have healthy sibling.

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Some Genetic disorders
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Autosomal Recessive Disorders

• Cystic Fibrosis
• Most common in USA (Caucasian)
• 1 in 20 caucasians is a carrier
• Mucus in bronchial and pancreas thick/viscous
• Breathing and food digestion problems
• Allele is on chromosome 7
• Cl ions can not pass through plasma membrane
  channels
• Cl ions pass water goes with it. No water,
  thick mucus

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Autosomal Recessive Disorders

• Tay-Sachs Disease
• Jewish people in USA (E. Euro descent)
• Not apparent at birth
• 4 to 8 months
• Gradually becomes blind and helpless
• Neurological impairment evident
• Develops uncontrollable seizures/paralyzed
• Allele is on Chromosome 15
• Lack of enzyme hexosaminidase A (Hex A)
• Lysosomes dont work, build up in brain

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Autosomal Dominant Disorders

• Huntington Disease
• Leads to degeneration of brain cells
• Severe muscle spasms and personality disorders
• Attacks in middle age
• Allele is on chromosome 4
• Gene controls the production of a protein called
  huntington
• Too much AA glutamine. Changes size and shape of
  neurons

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Abnormal Chromosomal Makup

• Too few? Too many?
• Non-Disjunction occurs during meiosis. Both
  members of a homologous pair of chromosomes go to
  the daughter cell. Or in M-II chromosomes go
  to the same gamete.
• Down Syndrome Extra chromosome 21
• Cri du Chat Part of chromosome 5 missing.
  Infant has a noon face, cry like a cat due to
  malformed larynx
• Fragile X X chromosome broken appear normal,
  may be hyperactive or autistic. Delayed speech
  development.

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Sex Chromosomal Disorders

• Turner Syndrome XO only one sex chromosome
• Short, thick neck and stature
• Do not undergo puberty, or menstruate,
• no breast development
• Kleinfelter Syndrome XXY
• Testis and prostate underdeveloped
• No facial hair
• Brest development
• Long arms and legs big hands and feet
• Can be mentally retarded

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Final thoughts

• Human life stats at a very specific time on a
  very specific day ovulation day.
• Then all the stages of development have to occur
• HOWEVER
• EVEN before ovulation day, the single set of your
  chromosome have to divide successfully
• During fertilization the new set of chromosomes
  have to pair up correctly all the alleles have
  to complement each other

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Final thoughts

• Gastrulation has to occur correctly
• Process of forming 3 germ layers--this process
  requires cell movement.
• Differentiation--how do different cells get their
  identity
• Growth--increase in size--cell divisions continue
  and cells themselves grow.
• Birth has to occur without error!

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Final thoughts

• THE END!!!!!