PARIS IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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• PARIS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
• KING PHILIP THE FAIR
• The paradoxical triumph of monarchy
• November 19 2002

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• Readings
• Lart au temps des rois maudits (Paris, 1998)
• M. Davis, Splendor and Peril
• -----, Desespoir, Esperance, and Douce France
  the New Palace, Paris and the Royal State.

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King Philip, on r. his son Louis (X) on l. his
daughter Isabelle, wife of English king and sons
Philip (V) and Charles (IV) Livre de Kalila et
Dimna
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• 1270 death of Louis IX
• 1270-85 Philip III, the Bold
• 1285-1314 Philip IV, the Fair
• 1314-16 Louis X
• 1316-22 Philip V
• 1322-28 Charles IV

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Gisant of Philip III, the Bold S-DenisPhilip
died in Perpignan Oct 5 1285. Body buried in
Narbonne and heart in the Jacobins, Paris.
Gisant made by Jean dArras, ymagier, copying
type of images made for S-Denis tombs associated
with Louis IX. Individuality of features--was
this based upon a death mask?Not a powerful
individual, yet France gained the addition of two
most significant territorial blocks1271 much of
southern France through inheritance of Alponse of
Poitiers and Toulouse. 1274, Champagne through
marriage of heiress Johanna with Philips son
Philip the Fair. The king of France became count
of Champagne and king of Navarre.1285 died in
unnsuccessful intervention on behalf of his uncle
Charles of Anjou.
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Saint Louis of Mainneville (Normandy)
c1305-10Philips minister, Engerrand de Marigny
c1315-10 constructed two châteaux--one at
Mainneville with chapels dedicated to Saint
Louis. Statue from chapel removed at Revolution
to parish church. The figure originally held
relics of Passion--nails, crown of thorns etc.
Figure often considered a portrait of Saint
Louis, canonized in 1297.But the statue was
carved well after death (1290)This is rather an
ideal type, or perhaps an actual effigy of
Philip III
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Philip IV, the Fair(1285-1314)S-Deniscalled an
owl and a statue by contemporaries and maligned
as a dim-witted puppet of his ministers by some
modern scholars
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• Philip the Fair 1285-1314. Deceptive appearance
  of low-key presence active agency of his
  ministers such as Enguerrand de Marigny
• 1. The Papacy Direct clash with Boniface VIII
  on the subject of papal taxation. With the
  support of the Three Estates Philip successfully
  challenged the Pope on clerical immunity. Philip
  the Fair was directly responsible for the demise
  of Pope Boniface VIII. 1303 election of a French
  pope led to the establishment (1309) of the papal
  seat at Avignon.

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• 2. The Flemish. Crushing defeat 1302 of French
  aristocratic army by Flemish townsfolk (pikemen)
  at Courtrai
• 3. The Destruction of the Order of the Temple
  With the 1291 fall of the last Christian
  stronghold in the Holy Lands, Acre, the need for
  the Order of the Templers vanished. Scandals
  about the behavior and excessive wealth of
  leading members of the Order. Accusations of
  heresy and vice brough against Grand Master.
  October 1307 arrest of all members of the Order
  in France possessions confiscated. 1312 the
  Order was dissolved Grand Master burned alive.
  Enormous gain in royal resources and prestige.

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• 4. Administration For real advice King depended
  on his councila large open council and a
  permanent secret council.
• The Parlement de Paris served as supreme judicial
  court Chambre des Comtes dealt with public
  finance and the chamber aux Deniers with
  household finances. Publication of formal
  documents through the chancery.
• Conclusionwe are seeing a real triumph of the
  king over the Church. Consolidation of the aura
  of royalty. King dependent directly of God
  without intermediary of Pope.

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• The new palace. Site of the palace occupied by
  the Roman governor rebuilt under Robert the
  Pious in the 11th Century. In the 12th C Louis
  VI and VII had added a great circular tower (Gros
  tour) and royal apartments, logis du roi. Louis
  IX added the Ste-Chapelle and the Gallerie des
  merciers as well as the Salle sur lEau and
  adjacent Tour Bonbec. Haphazard nature of growth

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• Philip the Fair transformed this complex 1290s
  into a coherent administrative and residential
  complex 170 meters east-west (360m with garden).
  Royal master mason Jean de Cerens
• 1298 new walls
• 1301 the Grande Salle or great audience hall
  under construction
• 1302 the Grande Chambre or meeting hall of
  parlement
• 1308 remodelling of the logis du roi
• 1313 official inauguration of the palacebut work
  continued until 1324.

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• The policy of the king defined by Giles of Rome
  the ruler should demonstrate his magnificence
  in the buildings he erects. His habitation
  should be wondrous and constructed with subtle
  industry, not for vainglorious display, but so
  that the people seeing it, would be awe-struck
  and less inclined to rise up,
• Towers and turrets used as a Leitmotif to achieve
  a bristling exterior silhouette,
• The palace has 14 or 12
• Strongholds, some turrets,
• Battlements stong and beautiful,
• That protect it in time of need. (Roman de
  Fauvel)

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A GrandSalleB GrandChambreC Tour CésarD
Tour dArgentE Tour BonbecF Salle sur lEauG
galleriesH Grand PréauI Logis du roiJ Grosse
tourK Chambre des ComptesL Gallerie des
MerciersM Grand
degrésN Ste-ChapelleO Canons housesP Chapel
of S MichelQ Porte S-MichelR Grande Porte
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• The Palace as Image of the Royal State. Founded
  on the theory of good government This idea,
  derived from classical political thought,
  revisited in reign of Philip the Fair with Giles
  of Romes De regimine principium, written for the
  young prince. The idea of a good life assured
  for citizens by a just monarch who was minister
  utilitatas publicae. Jean de Jandun assessed
  palace as not decorated for indolence and the
  crude pleasure of the senses, nor raised to
  flatter the false vanity of vainglory, nor
  fortified to shelter the perfidious plots of
  proud tyranny, but marvelously adapted tot he
  active, effective and complete care of our wise
  monarchs who seek continually to increase the
  public well-being by their ordinances. Philip
  paved the streets of Paris, rebuilt the Grand
  Pont and part of the walls, erected the Collège
  de Navarre. Also built the Dominican abbey of
  Saint-Louis at Poissy.

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Palais de la Cité, gallerie des merciers
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Paris, Palais de la Cité, west façade of the
logis du roi
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Palais de la Cité Grand Salle
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Palais de la Cité, Galleries des Merciers during
demolition (1777)
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Staircase of the GrandSalle detail from the
Retable du Parlement, Paris, Louvre
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• Addition of choir chapels to Notre-Dame of Paris.
  Provision of devotional space for families of
  clergy and high-ranking secular families
• 1296 work begun by Bishop Simon Matifas de Bucy
  with foundation of three axial chapels of S
  Nicaise, S Rigobert and S Marcel (later changed
  to S Louis)
• Choir then encircled with chapels
• The episcopal palace also rebuilt Bishop Simon
  buried in the chapel of S Nicaise in 1304. Work
  on the chapels complete by 1314.
• Work directed by Master Pierre de Chelles
• Simultaneously
• 1. Structural repairs
• 2. Construction of a choir screen

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Paris, Notre-Dame, Christ appears to Mary
Magdalene c 1300
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Palais de la Cité, S-Michel Paris,
S-Leufroy Paris, Hospital of
S-Sépulchre
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Poissy, Abbey of S-Louis
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Angel, part of group, possibly from the porch of
the church of Saint Louis at Poissy. Originally
carried Crown of Thorns in the left hand and
nails of Passion in right
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Mussy-sur-Seine, collegiate church
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Aigues-Morte, porte des chevaliers, c1272
(left)Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, tower of Philippe
le Bel c1292 (right)
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Carcassone, cathedral of S-Nazaire, N transept
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Albi Cathedral
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Auxerre, S-Germain, ambulatory c1277
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Amiens Cathedral, nave roof c 1300
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CapitalIle-de-France towards 1300(Cluny)
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Man with bonnet, Ile-de-France c 1300, engraved
pavement
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S. Francis of Assisi, Languedoc, 1290, Church of
Cordeliers in Toulouse
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Virgin and Child dAbbeville,(actually
Wargnies) c 1300 (Louvre) compared with
Amiens Vierge dorée
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Virgin and Child from Salins-les-Bains, Jura.
C1310 (matched with a John Baptist) from church
of Cordeliers close to château of Bracon,
founded by local seigneurs
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Virgin and Child from Bayel (Champagne) c 1300
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Angels with instruments of Passion (Arras)
probably from cathedral of Arras
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Two angels (NY, Met.)perhaps from the area of
Arras
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Saint Veronica from Ecouis, former collegiate
church of Notre-Dame 1311-13Cult of Veronica
propagated by Franciscans recalls the Passion
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Mary Magdalene from Ecouis (1311-13)
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Head of Christ from Ecouis 1311-1313perhaps from
jubé
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Head of Christ crowned c.1300, LouvreProbably
from Grande Salle of hospital of Tonnerre
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Head of knight with chain mail c 1300 from
tomb(Louvre)from abbey of S-Marien, Auxerre
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