Civilization in South Asia and Southeast Asia

1
Chapter 11

• Civilization in South Asia and Southeast Asia

2
Overview of Chapter 11

• India after the Guptas Islam replaces Buddhism
  as dominant religion
  
• Life and Culture in India
• Civilization Develops in Southeast Asia Vietnam,
  Funan, Angkor, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia
  Indonesia
  
• Society and Culture in Early Southeast Asia

3
Section 1

• India After the Guptas

4
The Decline of Buddhism

• Buddhism had been popular among Indian people for
  hundreds of years, changing over time
  
• Changes led to split among believers
• Theravada way of life, not religion based on
  salvation
  
• Mahayana regular people didnt have time to
  meditate for months. Religion, not a philosophy
  
• Both lost popularity to Hinduism and Islam

5
Early Eastward Expansion of Islam

• Moved eastward across Persia, into India in the
  early eighth century
  
• Led to division of India, Pakistan, and
  Bangladesh
  
• Tensions still exist in that area of the world
  due to split of countries along religious lines
  
• Islams success was due, in part, to the lack of
  a central government (after the Gupta Empire
  collapsed)

6
The Ghazni The Expansion of Islam

• Rebellious Turkish slaves founded Ghazni, a new
  Islamic state
  
• In present-day Afghanistan
• The founders son, Mahmud, began conquering
  nearby Hindu kingdoms
  
• Rajputs, Hindu warriors from India, fought back
  against the quick, invading cavalry forces of the
  Ghazni

7
Sultanate of Delhi and the Mongols

• New Muslim state formed by 1200 from the
  expansion of the Ghazni people
  
• Tried to take over the Deccan plateau in India
  but failed
  
• Tamerlane, a ruler of a group of Mongols,
  massacred 100,000 Hindi people in the Indian
  capital of Delhi
  
• Brief time of peace followed after his death

8
Islam and the State

• Muslims set up separate states and governments,
  but viewed themselves as strictly separate
  outsiders (as opposed to the Hindu masses)
  
• Muslims restricted high offices by religion

9
Islam and Indian Society

• Many Muslim rulers were more tolerant and used
  peaceful methods of conversion, if any
  
• Others were violently religious
• Most were at least somewhat tolerant of Hindus
• However they did impose Islamic customs on the
  Hindu society, by requiring taxes, participation
  in govt, and including Untouchables

10
Clash of Cultures and Religions

• Two very different religions/cultures
• Hindu had priests, Islam did not
• Muslims ate beef, Hindus did not
• Islam monotheistic, Hindu polytheistic
• Hindu art was sexually explicit, Muslims did not
  approve of it
  
• Differences regarding women in some ways, more
  equality for Muslim women (with restrictions)
  
• Castes Muslims began to adopt/form their own
  caste system

11
Section 3

• The Development of Civilization in Southeast Asia

12
Land and People of Southeast Asia, pt I

• Among first people to master rice cultivation,
  maybe 9,000 years ago
  
• 200 B.C., first Vietnamese state began
• Around 200 years later, Funan began (in modern
  Cambodia)
  
• Quickly became very important in Asian politics
  culture
  
• All SE states affected by China, India Middle
  East

13
Land and People of Southeast Asia, pt II

• Mainland SE Asia archipelago (Indonesia,
  Philippines, etc.)
  
• Mixture of races, cultures, religions China
  India (and others)
  
• Plentiful water, climate is good for rice
• North-south mtn ranges
• People came from China and other places
• River deltas Irrawaddy and Salween in Burma,
  Chao Phraya in Thailand, Mekong and Red River in
  Viet Nam
  
• Islands to south

14
Land and People, pt III

• East-west movement was difficult b/c mtns
• Forest and mosquitoes (malaria)
• difficult to unify under 1 govt
• Dvpd 2,000 years after earliest civilizations
• Isolation unique traits many languages,
  cultures, clothes, religions, etc.
  
• Lowland vs. upland hills agri vs. hunt/fish

15
Beginnings of Civilization in SE Asia

• Viet Nam and Funan were earliest
• Viet Nam Red River delta in N. Viet Nam
• Qin tried to conquer but failed (Vietnamese have
  historically been hard to conquer), but Han
  succeeded 111 B.C.
  
• Nearly 1,000 years of control by Chinese, but
  Vietnamese still maintained separate culture
  
• Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism come to Viet Nam
  from China

16
Funan

• Indian merchants entered SE Asia
• Funan on lower Mekong R in Cambodia
• Farming trading (with India China)
• Probably ancestors of Khmer (Cambodian group
  today)
  
• Legend first king was Indian
• Indian gods, Sanskrit, art architecture

17
Formation of States Break into Groups

• Vietnam
• Angkor
• Thailand
• Burma
• Malay

18
Oral Reading

• Open books to pg. 329
• Take turns reading out-loud
• Discussion questions

19
Homework

• Read Chapter 11, Section 4 for Wednesday
• Continue research, outline due date extended to
  March 4th
  
• Enjoy the break

20
Section 4

• Society and Culture in Early Southeast Asia

21
Agricultural and Trading Societies

• Agricultural societies (Viet Nam, Angkor, Pagan,
  Sailendra)
  
• Vs. Trading societies (Sri Vijaya and Sultanate
  of Malacca)
  
• Dictated by the environment convenience
• Increases in trade brought on by Muslim conquest
  of N. India and more wealth in Europe and Middle
  East (led to more demand)
  
• Local trade grew under control of Muslims and
  outside traders
  

22
Social Structures and Daily Life (pt I)

• Hereditary aristocrats (political power wealth)
  lived in large cities
  
• Angkor Thom (in N. Cambodia)
• Most others lived outside of major cities
  farmers, fishers, artisans, merchants
  
• Most were probably subsistence farmers paying
  heavy taxes to local rulers
  
• In Malay world, much of trade was via river boats
  to coastal ports
  
• Few primitive roads for local trade

23
Social Structures and Daily Life (pt II)

• Viet Nam was influenced by Chinese
• Civil Service Exams scholar-gentry rulers
• In Viet Nam, most were peasants in villages
• Landed estates were limited in size by govt
• Obedience to male head of family (came from
  Chinese Confucian ideas)
  
• Women had more freedom since ancient times could
  divorce and own property

24
Social Structures and Daily Life (pt III)

• In Indian-influenced states, strict class/caste
  system existed
  
• In Angkor and Pagan based on occupation or
  ethnicity
  
• Official hierarchy (chieftain, higher officials,
  central govt) used for taxation purposes
  
• Malay and Indonesia were less formal
• Small villages, wooden houses built on stilts
• Some landlords, some private plots

25
Social Structures and Daily Life (pt IV)

• Most SE Asian societies gave women more rights
  than in China and India
  
• Women worked side by side men in fields and
  trade
  
• Nuclear family in Burma and Thailand
• Extended family in Viet Nam and Malaysia

26
Religion in Early Southeast Asia

• Spirit worship (esp. mtns where souls retired)
• Hindu and Buddhist ideas in first millennium AD
• Especially popular among elites (explained and
  reinforced power of rulers to commoners)
  
• Blending of beliefs ex. Angkor state cult
  Hinduism
  
• Theravada Buddhism in Burma from Sri Lanka
• Became most popular taught Nirvana possible
  without priests or rulers, tolerated local gods
  and spirit worship, dominated Burma, Thailand,
  Laos, Cambodia
• Islam became popular in Malay and Indonesia in
  13th 14th centuries, but hard to spread to
  rural mtn villages (will continue in later
  chapters after 1500)

27
Culture in Southeast Asia

• Mix of local cultures and Indian or Chinese
  cultures
  
• Vietnamese wrote Chinese poetry, used Chinese
  sculpture, architecture, and porcelain as models
  (but now use Roman alphabet and their own
  language)
• Architecture is most obvious Indian influence
  especially in templesBuddhism, Hindu and local
  religions
  
• Angkor Wat as much stone as Great Pyramid in
  Egypt