Module 17:Infancy

1
Module 17Infancy Childhood A-F

• Ariana Uribe
• Period 1
• Mr.Gahagan

2
Nature Nurture

• Scientists believe that people think and believe
  in certain ways because they are taught to do so.
  This is known as the environment theory of human
  behavior.
• The Hereditary theory refers to inheritance of
  characteristics from older generations such as
  your mothers blue eyes or your fathers brown
  hair.

3
Genetic Environmental
Factors

• At only eight
  years old, Yehudi made his
  
  P
  Professional debut. One of the reasons
• Yehudi Menuhin was
  a prodigy and could
• give an inspiring
  violin performance was
• because the
  prenatal effects of genetic
• influences. They
  regulated the
• development of his
  body brain.
• His father mother were both
• teachers and they had musical
• interests. The father played Violin
• while his mother had the ability
• to play the cello.

4
Prenatal Period 3 Stages

• The Germinal Stage- The first stage of prenatal
  development and refers to the two-week period
  following conception.
• The Embryonic Stage-The second stage of the
  prenatal period and spans the two to eight weeks
  that follow conception during this stage, cells
  divide and begin to differentiate into bone,
  muscle, and body organs.
• The Fetal Stage- The third stage in prenatal
  development, begins two months after conception
  and lasts until birth.

5
Drugs prenatal Development

• When a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy, she
  risks giving birth to a child who will pay the
  price in mental and physical deficiencies for
  his or entire life.
• Facial features are different in those
• who have suffered from fetal alcohol
• syndrome. These differences are
• short stature
• flattened nose
• epicanthic folds
• low birth weight
• indistinct philtrum

6
Genetic development program

• After birth, the genetic program regulates how
  the brain develops, such as making thousands of
  connections between neurons. When an infant is
  exposed to sights, sounds, and touching of
  objects, it is helping make the connections
  stronger.

7
Sensory Development

• Faces- At one month an infant can tell his or her
  mothers face when hearing her voice. At three
  months, an infant can distinguish between his
  mothers face and a strangers face right away. By
  three to four years an infants visual ability are
  equal to those of an adult.
• Hearing-At one month an infant can distinguish
  between bah and pah. By six months they have
  the ability to make all sounds that are necessary
  to learn the language they are raised to speak.
• Touch-Infants have a well developed sense of
  touch and will turn when you touch their cheek.
  They can also learn to grasp and suck from the
  sense of touch.
• Smell Taste-When an infant is one day old, they
  can tell the difference between floral and
  citrus.At six weeks infants can tell the
  difference from mom and a stranger.
• Depth Perception-At six months, infants have
  developed depth perception.

8
Motor Development

• Motor development- refers to the stages of motor
  skills that all infants pass through as they
  acquire the muscular control necessary for making
  coordinated movements.

9
Definition and kinds of temperament

• Temperament- the combination of the four cardinal
  humors, the relative proportions of which were
  supposed to determine physical and mental
  constitution.
• 1.)Easy baby happy and cheerful babies that
  had regular eating habits, and adapted quickly to
  new situations.
• 2.)Slow-to-warm-up babies more withdrawn,
  were moody, and tend to take longer to adapt to
  new situations.
• 3.)Difficult babies Fussy, fearful of new
  situations, and more intense in their reactions.
  These babies develop more serious emotional
  problems than the easy or slow-to-warm- up
  babies.
• 4.)No-Single-category babies Have a Variety
  of traits and could not be classified into one of
  the other three categories.

10
Temperament and emotions

• Emotional development- An interaction between
  temperament (nature) and positive or negative
  environmental feedback (nurture), which children
  receive as they explore their worlds.
• Social smiling- age four to six weeks
• Anger- three to four months
• Surprise- three to four months
• Sadness- three to four months
• Fear- five to seven months
• Shame- six to eight months
• Shyness- six to eight months
• Contempt- twenty-four months
• Guilt- twenty-four months

11
Attachment

• Attachment- refers to a close, fundamental
  emotional bond that develops between the infant
  and his or her parents or caregiver.
• Separation anxiety- an infants distress- as
  indicated by loud protests, crying, and
  agitation- whenever the infants parents
  temporarily leave.

12
Are some infants born fearful?

• Some scientists wonder if a child can be so shy
  and another child can be born outgoing and happy
  when they were raised by the same parents.
• Inhibited children- show avoidance, anxiety, or
  fear when in a strange or novel environment
  these children also show increased, physiological
  arousal to novel or strange situations.

13
Piagets theory

• Assimilation- Is the process by which a child
  uses old methods or experiences to deal with new
  situations.
• Accommodation- Is the process by which a child
  changes old methods to deal with or adjust to new
  situations.
• Jean Piaget-(1896-1980)
  
  
• According
  to Piaget, children
• make big
  gains in reasoning,
• thinking,
  and understanding
• through
  active involvement and
• the
  process of assimilation and
• 
  accommodation. Using there two
• processes,
  children go through
• a series
  of cognitive stages.

14
Piagets stages of cognitive development

• Object permanence- Refers to the
• understanding that objects or events
• continue to exist even if they can no
• longer be heard, touched, or seen.

15
Evaluation of Piagets Theory

• Piagets theory had a tremendous influence on
  the area of Cognitive development. However,
  beginning in the late 1960s and continuing to
  the present, there have been numerous criticisms
  of Piagets theory.
• 1.)Genetic Factors- One of the biggest changes
  has been in the identification of genetic factors
  that influence memory, learning, and cognitive
  sills.
• 2.)Basic Abilities- A second major change is the
  discovery that infants and young children have
  many more basic cognitive skills and abilities
  then Piaget believed.
• 3.)New Theory- A third major change in the field
  of cognitive development is that there is no
  longer a single grand theory, such as Piagets
  theory of four cognitive stages.

16
Freuds Psychosexual Stages

• Psychosocial Stages- Five different developmental
  periods- Oral, phallic, latency, and genital
  stages- during which the individual seeks
  pleasure from different areas of the body that
  are associated with sexual feelings. Freud
  emphasizes that a childs first five years were
  most important to social and personal
  development.
• Oral stage- Lasts for the first 18 months of
  life and is a time when the infants pleasure
  seeking is centered on the mouth.
• Anal stage- Lasts from the age of about one and
  a half years to three and is a time when the
  infants pleasure seeking is centered on the anus
  and its functions of elimination.
• Phallic stage- Stage lasts from about age three
  to six and is a time when the infants pleasure
  seeking is centered on the genitals.
• Latency stage- Lasts from about age six to
  puberty, and is a time when the childs repressed
  sexual thoughts and engages in nonsexual
  activities, such as developing social and
  intellectual skills.
• Genital stage- Lasts from puberty through
  adulthood and is a time when the individual has
  renewed sexual desires that he or she seeks to
  fulfill through relationships with members of the
  opposite sex.

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Eriksons Psychosocial stages

• Psychosocial stages- Eight developmental periods
  during which an individuals primary goal is to
  satisfy desires associated with social needs the
  eight periods are associated, respectively, with
  issues of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry,
  identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego
  integrity.
• Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust
• Early infancy- birth through first year
• Stage 2 Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Late infancy- one to two years
• Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt
• Early Childhood- three to five years
• Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority
• Middle late childhood- five to twelve
  years
• Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Adolescence

18
Banduras Social Cognitive Theory

• Social Cognitive Theory- Emphasize the
  importance of learning through observation,
  imitation, and self-reward in the development of
  social skills, interactions, and behaviors.
  According to this theory, it is not necessary
  that you perform any observable behaviors or
  receive any external rewards in order to learn
  new social skills because many of your behaviors
  are self-motivated, or intrinsic.

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Resiliency

• Vulnerability- Refers to psychological or
  environmental difficulties that make children
  more at risk for developing later personality,
  behavioral, or social problems.
• Resiliency- Various personality, family, or
  environmental factors that compensate for
  increased life stresses so that expected problems
  do not develop.
• 
  Some children suffered
• 
  childhood traumas but still
• 
  developed normal
• 
  personalities. Not all of
• the
  children were as fortunate.

20
Gender Differences

• Gender Identity- Refers to the individuals
  subjective experience and feelings of being a
  female or male.
• Gender Roles- Traditional or stereotypical
  behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that
  parents, peers, and society expect us to have
  because we are male or female.

21
Differences in Gender Traits

• Girls Develop traits of being concerned,
  sensitive, and nurturing.
• Boys Develop traits of being independent,
  controlling, and dominate.
• Children acquire gender schemas or
  cognitive rules that inquire which gender roles
  and behaviors are right or wrong for boys and
  girls.

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Questions about gender differences

• There are many differences between boys and
  girls. First of all, they have differences in
  career choices, they have differences in
  aggression, and there are also differences in
  cognitive abilities.
• People may argue about the differences in boys
  and girls, but scientists say that no matter how
  small or large the differences may be, it does
  not indicate that one gender is better or smaller
  then the other.

23
Review The Big Picture-

• 1.) Newborns ability They are born with a well
  developed sense of touch, show an innate
  preference for sweet and salt, and recognize
  their mothers smell. In a few months and infant
  has the ability to recognize their mothers faces,
  produce speech sounds, perceive depth, and have a
  basic concept of addition.
• 2.)Motor Development Infants slowly acquire the
  coordinated movements that they need to crawl,
  sit, stand, and walk. With motor development
  comes the ability to get up and explore.
• 3.)Emotional Development good and bad babies
  show signs or differences in temperament, which
  is largely influenced by genetic factors.
• 4.)Cognitive Development One theory is piagets
  theory. It says that children pass through four
  different stages- sensorimotor, preoperational,
  concrete operations, and formal operations.
• 5.)Social Development Freud says that children
  develop socially through the five psychosexual
  stages. Erikson says through the eight
  psychosocial stages and Bandura has his own
  social cognitive theory.
• 6.)Importance of childhood A baby will be either
  happy or have problems depending on how they are
  raised. Its a time for emotional, social, and
  personal development. lt3