The Holocaust

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The Holocaust
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• Nuremberg Laws
• 1935

• Barred Jews from many jobs.
• Lose their Civil rights.
• Required to register with authorities.
• Must wear the Star of David
• Prohibited marriage between Jewish and non-Jewish
  Germans.

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Two year old Emanuel Rosenthal and five year old
brother Avram, of the Kovno Ghetto, who were both
later deported to the death camp at Majdanek and
murdered by Nazis.
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Nazi gangs raided the Berlin Library and gathered
"un-German" books including the works of
world-class authors such as Jack London and H. G.
Wells, as well as those of Jewish writers. In
this photo, Germans crowd around a stall filled
with confiscated books soon to be burned.
Photo credit National Archives, courtesy of
USHMM Photo Archives
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The burning of confiscated un-German books in
Berlin.
Photos from the United States Holocaust Museum
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A German civilian wearing a Nazi armband holds a
sheaf of anti-Jewish Boycott signs, while Nazi
soldiers paste them on a Jewish-owned business.
Most of the signs read, "Germans defend
yourselves against Jewish atrocity propaganda
buy only at German stores." Photo
credit National Archives, courtesy of USHMM
Photo Archives
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Austrian Nazis and local residents watch as Jews
are forced to get on their hands and knees and
scrub the pavement.
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The Hitler Youth Outlawed other youth clubs, the
German children were educated physically,
intellectually, and morally in the spirit of
National Socialism, promising to be loyal and
obedient to Hitler, They were taught Nationalism
and Anti-Semitism.
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A photo identification card, bearing the official
stamps of the Krakow labor office and the General
Government, Krakow district, that was issued to
the Polish Jew, Cyrla Rosenzweig. Cyrla survived
as one of the Schindler Jews. Suesskind
Rosenzweig was her husband.
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In 1939, Oskar Schindler set up a business in an
old enamel works factory in Poland, employing
Jews from the Krakow Ghetto as cheap labor. As
the Nazis intensified persecution of the Jews,
Schindler increasingly feared for the safety of
his workers. He managed to convince the Nazis his
factory and thus his Jews were vital to the
German war effort and prevented their deportation
to the death camps of the East.
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Arrival of arrested Jews at the Austerlitz train
station. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
78893
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• Kristallnacht (Crystal Night)
• 1938
• Nazi storm troopers and others smash and destroy
  Jewish owned shops, businesses, and synagogues.

The Night of Broken Glass
View of the interior of the Essenweinstrasse
synagogue in Nuremberg following its destruction
during Kristallnacht. From USHMM
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The St. Louis was a German ship carrying 930
Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to Cuba. When
the ship set sail from Hamburg on May 13, 1939,
all of its refugee passengers had legitimate
landing certificates for Cuba. However, during
the two week voyage to Havana, the landing
certificates granted by the Cuban director
general of immigration in lieu of regular visas
were invalidated by the pro-fascist Cuban
government. When the St. Louis arrived in Havana
on May 27 only 22 Jewish refugees were allowed
entry. Cuban President Federico Laredo Bru then
insisted the ship and its remaining 900 Jews
leave Havana. The refugees were also refused
entry into the United States. Thus on June 6 the
ship was forced to return to Europe. While en
route to Antwerp, several European countries were
cajoled into taking in the refugees (287 to Great
Britain 214 to Belgium 224 to France 181 to
the Netherlands). Those that went to Belgium,
France and the Netherlands were soon trapped as
Hitler's armies invaded Western Europe and
perished as victims of the Nazi Final Solution.
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The journey of the St. Louis
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In October of 1939 amid the turmoil of the
outbreak of war Hitler ordered widespread "mercy
killing" of the sick and disabled.
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Polish laborers seal off the doors and windows of
buildings on the outer periphery of the Krakow
ghetto..
USHMM
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Children scale a wall to smuggle food into the
ghetto. Conditions were so extreme that they
engaged in this activity .
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German soldiers amuse themselves while they
force Jews to dig ditches in an empty lot in
Krakow.
A member of the German police kicks a Jew who is
climbing onto the back of a truck during a
round-up for forced labor.
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Three Jewish children in Topolcany, Slovakia.
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The deportation of women and children to an
unidentified concentration camp.
21
One of the most famous photos taken during the
Holocaust shows Jewish families arrested by Nazis
during the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in
Poland, and sent to be gassed at Treblinka
extermination camp. This picture and over 50
others were taken by the Nazis to chronicle the
successful destruction of the Ghetto.
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1933 First Concentration Camp Dachau
Prisoners' barracks in the Dachau concentration
camp.
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A prisoner in Dachau forced to stand without
moving for hours as a punishment.
A watch tower in Dachau.
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Prisoners from Buchenwald that have been taken
into the nearby woods are shown shortly before
their execution by the SS.
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Two ovens inside the crematorium at the Dachau
concentration camp.
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The next slide may be upsetting to some of
you. You may wish to avoid seeing it by placing
your head on your desk.
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A mass grave in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
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A warehouse full of shoes and clothing
confiscated from the prisoners and deportees
gassed upon their arrival. The Nazis shipped
these goods to Germany.
29
Polish boys imprisoned in Auschwitz look out from
behind the barbed wire fence. Approximately
40,000 Polish children were kidnapped and
imprisoned in the camp before being transferred
to Germany. The children were used as slave
laborers in Germany.
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A group of Soviet soldiers surveys a German
warehouse containing thousands of shoes taken
from prisoners before their deaths.
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A stash of gold wedding rings taken from victims
at Buchenwald.
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Survivors in a crowded Dachau barrack after
liberation. Date Apr 29, 1945 - May 15, 1945
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The entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz
(Auschwitz I). The gate bears the cynical Nazi
motto "Arbeit Macht Frei" (Work makes one free).
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There were survivors.
The Danish resistance movement, assisted by many
ordinary citizens, coordinated the flight of some
7,200 Jews to safety in nearby neutral Sweden.
Thanks to this remarkable mass rescue effort, at
war's end Denmark had one of the highest Jewish
survival rates for any European country.
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In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the
survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP)
camps administered by the Allied powers. Between
1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to
Israel, including more than two-thirds of the
Jewish displaced persons in Europe. Others
emigrated to the United States and other nations.
The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes
committed during the Holocaust devastated most
European Jewish communities.