IX. The Tide Turns

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IX. The Tide Turns

• 1863

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A. Lee Invades the North Part II

• CSA on the move
• Began June 3, 1863
• With Jackson gone, Lee reorganizes the army
• I corps James Longstreet (take Culpepper
  Courthouse
• II corps Richard S. Ewell (drive off scattered
  Union forces
• III corps A.P. Hill (moves northward with Lee)

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• Lee sets off northward on June 14, crosses the
  Potomac and heads east
• J.E.B. Stuarts mistake
• Stuart was riding Lees right flank informing him
  of Union movements
• Stuart believed he could ride around Hooker and
  get a better idea of Union movements
• Union movement pushed Stuart farther east than
  anticipated and he was out of contact with Lee
  for 10 days

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B. Road to Gettysburg

• Lee arrives in Pennsylvania with his army spread
  out because he believes the Union has not crossed
  the Potomac yet
• June 28 Lee learns from Longstreets scout
  (Henry T. Harrison- actor) that the Union army is
  concentrated squarely on Lees flank in
  Frederick, MD
• Lee moves south to the nearest defensible
  position just outside Gettysburg
• Hooker is replaced by George G. Meade

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C. Battle of Gettysburg- Day 1

• General Henry Heth, on a mission to find shoes,
  encounters Gen. John Bufords dismounted cavalry-
  he attacks though ordered not to
• Bufords cavalry holds for several hours as Gen.
  John Reynolds and 3 corps of infantry arrive to
  reinforce
• Reynolds is shot and killed
• Lee orders A.P. Hills corps to attack

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• Gen. Ewells corps comes over the mountain and
  arrives on the field hitting the Union right
  flank hard
• Union retreat through the town and occupy the
  high ground beyond
• Union occupy Culps and Cemetery Hill. Lee
  orders Ewell to take the hill if practicable.
  Ewell refuses to take the hill and day 1 ends
• Longstreet and Lee argue whether or not to stay
  and fight- Lee chooses to stay

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D. Day 2

• 8) Lonstreets artillery opens the battle on day
  2- Hood takes the Devils Den but is wounded and
  loses his arm
• 9) Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain commands the
  20th Maine regiment on Little Round Top, the end
  of the Union line- he is ordered by Col. Vincent
  to hold to the last.

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Little Round Top

• After resisting 4 charges by the 15th Alabama,
  Chamberlain reforms his line at a right angle
• It is after a 5th charge that the 20th Maine are
  out of ammunition- Chamberlain orders his men to
  fix bayonets
• As the 15th Alabama approaches, Co. B of the 20th
  Maine arises from behind a stone wall and fires
  into their side
• Chamberlain orders a bayonet charge swinging down
  the hill like a gate

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• 10) Longstreet moves on the peach orchard and
  wheat field smashing Gen. Dan Sickles line-
  Sickles loses his leg
• 11 12) Union re-patch the line as they are
  heavily attacked
• 13) Longstreet attacks the center where the Union
  and the 1st Minnesota repulse them
• 14 15) Generals Ewell and Early attack Cemetery
  Culps Hill unsuccessfully- Day 2 ends
• Longstreet begs Lee to allow him to flank the
  Union- Lee chooses to attack the center

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E. Day 3

• 16) Day 3 begins with an artillery barrage by
  Col. E. Porter Alexander
• 17) The barrage is accompanied by diversionary
  attacks on both flanks
• Longstreet waits too long to begin his attack
• 18) General George Pickett leads a mile-long,
  uphill, open ground charge against Gen. Winfield
  Scott Hancock and the Union center
• 19) CSA retreat after suffering massive
  casualties during Picketts Charge

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F. Captains Report

• George Meade
• 90,000
• 23,049 casualties

• Robert E. Lee
• 75,000
• 28,063 casualties

Union Victory
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G. Vicksburg

• Grant lays siege to Vicksburg and surrounding
  areas for 8 months
• Gen. Pemberton was caught off guard and never got
  back on track against Grant
• Grant traps Pemberton in Vicksburg and forces a
  surrender on July 4- Union now control the
  Mississippi River
• Gettysburg falls on the 3rd, Vicksburg the 4th,
  and the tide has turned in favor of the North

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H. Chickamauga

• Longstreets corps is transferred to the west to
  aid the Army of Tennessee in stopping the
  advancement of Rosecrans
• Lee chose to rest his army and take up defensive
  positions in Virginia
• Rosecrans moves on Chattanooga and opens the way
  for East Tennessee to be liberated by Ambrose
  Burnside in early September when he occupies
  Knoxville
• Rosecrans pushes Bragg out of Chattanooga- Bragg
  stops _at_ Chickamauga awaits reinforcements

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I. Battle of Chickamauga

• Gen. Polks attacks fail to break though Gen.
  George H. Thomas line
• Gen. Longstreet slams through a gap in the Union
  center
• Panic sweeps through the Union flank as
  commanding officers flee including Gen. Rosecrans
• Union avoids complete destruction as Gen. Thomas
  makes a stand on Snodgrass Hill
• Gen. Grainger stops CSA charges as the Union
  retreats to Chattanooga

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J. Captains Report

• Braxton Bragg James Longstreet
• 67,000
• 18,454 causualties

• William Rosecrans
• 60,000
• 16,170 casualties

CSA Victory
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K. Aftermath of Chickamauga

• Bragg handled his army poorly _at_ Chickamauga
• Longsteet had saved the CSA from destruction
  during the battle
• Braggs subordinates asked Davis to remove him-
  Bragg removed all his subordinates
• Longstreet wrote Davis pleading for Braggs
  removal- Bragg attempted to remove Longstreet
• Davis had to resolve the problem in person
• Rosecrans was replaced by Gen. Thomas

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L. Chattanooga

• Union forces move into Chattanooga after their
  defeat at Chickamauga
• They receive reinforcements
• Gen. Joseph Hooker (2 corps) from VA
• Gen. William T. Sherman from Memphis
• The armies of the Tennessee and the Cumberland
  are now concentrated in Chattanooga
• Ulysses S. Grant is made overall commander of the
  western armies

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M. Battle of Chattanooga

• Following the defeat _at_ Chickamauga, the Union
  retreat to a fortified Chattanooga
• Grant creates a supply line through Browns Ferry
• Nov. 23 Grant attacks and seizes Orchard Knob
• Nov 24 Grant attacks both CSA flanks as Hooker
  attacks and captures Lookout Mt.

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• 5 6) Sherman crosses the Tennessee River and
  aims for Tunnel Hill- he misses entrenches on a
  nearby hill
• 7) Nov. 25 Sherman tries to take Tunnel Hill and
  fails
• 8) Grant orders Thomas to seize the foot of
  Missionary Ridge
• 9) Thomas men refuse to stop and they push Bragg
  off of the Ridge as the CSA retreat

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N. Captains Report

• Ulysses S. Grant
• 60,000
• 5,824 casualties

• Braxton Bragg
• 46,000
• 6,667 casualties

Union Victory
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O. Occupation of Knoxville

• Burnside was sent to take command of the
  Department of Ohio in March of 1863
• He was sent to occupy the city of Knoxville on
  September 2, 1863 to liberate East Tennessee of
  the CSA presence- Lincoln believed that by taking
  East Tennessee, he would have the CSA by the
  throat
• Jefferson Davis had to make a trip to Chickamauga
  to settle the dispute between Bragg Longstreet-
  Davis sends Longstreet to Knoxville

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• Longstreet moved his men on November 2 toward
  Knoxville- due to the condition of the trains, he
  did not arrive in Sweetwater until November 13
• Burnsides fortifications surrounded the city of
  Knoxville
• Longstreet began his siege of Knoxville on Nov.
  17
• Longstreet made his headquarters in Bleak House
  owned by Robert Armstrong (located today on
  Kingston Pike not far from Neyland Dr.)

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P. The Battle of Knoxville

• Longstreet determined that the best point of
  attack was on Ft. Sanders
• Longstreet believed this to be the weakest point
  of Burnsides defenses- the fort was deceiving
• The fort was surrounded by a ditch 6-8 feet deep
  and appeared to be only 3-4 feet deep. Some
  planks had been placed across it and, from
  distant Confederate observation posts, troops
  were observed crossing easily -- but they were
  using the planks.

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• The earthen walls were 13 feet high in most
  places, and had cotton bales piled on top to
  protect the riflemen and were wrapped in rawhide
  to prevent fire.
• Water had been poured down the side of the
  earthen fort. It froze overnight and created ice
  on its sides and in the ditch.
• For perhaps 30 to 80 yards in front of the
  northwest bastion that was selected for the
  assault, there were 18-inch tree stumps between
  which the engineers had stretched telegraph wire
  to trip and delay the attackers.

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• Longstreet ordered a short artillery barrage by
  Gen. E.P. Alexander, afterwards, 3 brigades
  charged the fort
• The telegraph wires and the now apparent 12 ft.
  wide ditch slowed the CSA down under considerable
  musket fire
• The CSA did enter the ditch, but without scaling
  ladders
• The battle lasted 20 minutes and resulted in a
  devastating defeat for the CSA
• Lonstreet retreated to Jefferson County for the
  winter- a record cold winter

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P. Captains Report

• Gen. Ambrose Burnside
• 23,000
• 100 casualties

• Gen. James Longstreet
• 15,000
• 800 casualties

Union Victory