Nursery practices

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Nursery practices

• David South
• Auburn University
• Southern Forest Nursery
• Management Cooperative

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History of nursery production

• Few nurseries in 1700s
• Some tree nurseries in 1800s
• In 1893, one NC nursery had 1.8 million
  seedlings
• Forest tree nurseries started by US Government in
  early 1900s

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1906 government nursery in Nebraska
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History of nursery production

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Many areas were cutover for grazing by cattle
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Small temporary nurseries at planting site
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High seedbed densities were used
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Shade was used
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Shade produced tall, thin seedlings
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High densities and shade resulted in low quality
seedlings
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Forest fires common
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Grazing reducedsurvival
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During the 1930s, the Government created jobs
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Tree planting increased after World-War II
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Small nurseries were labor intensive
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Large nurseries are mechanized
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Nursery Production 1999
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Nursery Production 1999
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Container and bareroot nurseries in the Southern
US
90 million containers
1,310 million bareroot seedlings
6 months old
1-0 stock 9 months old
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Seed Efficiency Trends
Plantable seedlings/ 100 live seed
YEAR
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Increased seed efficiency

• Site selection
• Soil fumigation
• Lower seedbed densities
• Seed stratification bird repellent
• Better irrigation
• Herbicides
• Fungicides
• insecticides

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In the old days, nurseries wereoften located on
fine textured soils
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Seed Efficiency
slash pine - 1993
Methyl bromide 75
No fumigation 57
31 more land or seed
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Fumigation in Wisconsin
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Fumigation in Alabama
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Fumigation in Georgia
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Bed shaper

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Seedbed Density 107/ m2
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In New Zealand researchers recommend seedbed
densities of 120/m2 on adverse site s and 150/m2
on low elevation sites.
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For Pinus taeda, I recommend seedbed densities of
150/m2.
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Sowing by hand
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Density controlled with sower
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Rapid emergence important
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In the old days, nurseries had inadequate
irrigation
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Nurseries now have good irrigation
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Irrigation
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WEED CONTROL
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Handweeding times in forest tree nurseries.
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Insect Pests

• Insect Pests
• Lygus bugs
• white grubs
• cutworms
• lesser cornstalk borer
• spider mites
• tip moths

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Lygus Damage to sand pine
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Lygus Damage to loblolly pine
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White grubs
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cutworms
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Diseases

• Fungi
• Fusiform rust
• Fusarium
• Pythium
• Rhizoctonia
• Phytophthora
• Cylindrocladium

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Rhizoctonia
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• Nematodes
• Meloidogyne
• Meloidodera
• Hoplolaimus
• Pratylenchus
• Tylenchus
• Tylenchorhynchus

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Fertilizer cost per thousand seedlings
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Top Pruning
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Tank-mix Herbicides fertilizers
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Spray equipment
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Some nursery equipment
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Undercutting


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Undercutting seedlings


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Lateral Root Pruner
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Seedling lifter

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Lifting hardwoods
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QUESTIONS?