Psychology

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Psychology

• Intelligence

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Definitions of Intelligence
There is no definition of intelligence, it can
only be described not accurately defined.
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Definitions from Groups or Organisations
The ability to use memory, knowledge,
experience, understanding, reasoning, imagination
and judgement in order to solve problems and
adapt to new situations All Words Dictionary,
2006
The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge The
American Heritage Dictionary, fourth edition, 2000
The ability to learn, understand and make
judgements or have opinions that are based on
reason Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary,
2006
The ability to learn facts and skills and apply
them, especially when this is highly developed
Encarta World English Dictionary, 2006
The ability to learn, understand and talk about
things Longman Dictionary or Contemporary
English, 2006
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Psychologist definitions
We shall use the term intelligence to mean the
ability of an organism to solve new problems W.
V. Bingham
The capacity to learn or to profit by
experience W. F. Dearborn
The capacity for knowledge , and knowledge
possessed V. A. C. Henmon
Intelligence is the ability to learn, exercise
judgement, and be imaginative J. Huarte
Intelligence is a general factor that runs
through all types of performance A. Jensen
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Commonly Occuring Features

• Is a property that a person has as they interact
  with their environment or environments
• Is related to the persons ability to do well
  with a task
• Depends on how able the person is to adapt to
  new environments and situations

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Put These Together...
Intelligence measures an agents ability to
achieve goals in a wide range of environments
S. Legg and M. Hutter
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Theories of Intelligence

• The Bell Curve
• By
• Richard J. Herrnstein
• Charles Murray

Multiple Intelligence Theory By Howard Gardner
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The Bell Curve

• The book argued that
• People with high intelligence were becoming
• separated from those with average and
• below-average IQs.
• Intelligence exists and is accurately measurable
  across racial,
• language, and national boundaries.

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• Intelligence is one, if not the most,
  important correlative factor in economic, social,
  and overall success in America, and is becoming
  more important.
• Intelligence is largely (40 to 80)
  genetically heritable.

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A scabrous piece of racial pornography
masquerading as serious scholarship. "Mr.
Murray can protest all he wants, his book is just
a genteel way of calling somebody a nigger.
Bob Herbert, Columnist for the New York Times.
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Howard Gardner
Frame of mind The Theory Of Multiple
Intelligences

• Different forms of Intelligence
• Intrapersonal Self smart
• Existential Deep-question smart
• Visual/Spatial Picture smart
• Bodily-Kinaesthetic Body smart
• Interpersonal People smart
• Verbal/Linguistic Word smart
• Logical/mathematical Logic smart
• Musical Music smart
• Naturalist Nature smart

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Howard Gardner
 I want my children to understand the world,
but not just because the world is fascinating and
the human mind is curious. I want them to
understand it so that they will be positioned to
make it a better place. Knowledge is not the same
as morality, but we need to understand if we are
to avoid past mistakes and move in productive
directions. An important part of that
understanding is knowing who we are and what we
can do.... (Howard Gardner 1999 180-181)
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POSITIVE ASPECTS OF THE THEORY

• Primary elements of different types of
  learning are found in particular areas of the
  brain where corresponding transformations have
  occurred.
• Culture also plays a large role in the
  development of the intelligences. All societies
  value different types of intelligences. The
  cultural value placed upon the ability to perform
  certain tasks provides the motivation to become
  skilled in those areas.

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NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF THE THEORY
Various types of learning results in synaptic
connections in different areas of the brain. For
example, injury to the Broca's area of the brain
will result in the loss of one's ability to
verbally communicate using proper syntax.
While particular intelligences might be highly
evolved in many people of one culture, those same
intelligences might not be as developed in the
individuals of another. 
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• Just to make this presentation slightly more
  entertaining, we have decided to give you 2
  practical tasks

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Can You Skateboard?
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• Can You Draw?

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You must draw 3 things
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• a House

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• a Dog

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And finally

• Miss Reynolds!

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Measuring intelligence
IQ and psychometric testing
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IQ

• The Binet-Simon test was first created in 1905
  by Alfred Binet, with the help of Theodore Simon
• Renamed to the Standford-Binet Intelligence test

Originally, IQ was calculated as a ratio with the
formula
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What do the scores mean?
Over 140 - Genius or near genius 120 - 140 -
Very superior intelligence 110 - 119 - Superior
intelligence 90 - 109 - Normal or average
intelligence 80 - 89 - Dullness 70 - 79 -
Borderline deficiency Under 70 - Definite
feeble-mindedness
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Celebs
Sir Jimmy Saville155
Jamie Theakston 155
Carol Vordeman 156
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• IQ tests are usually structured and divided into
  categories
• Verbal,
• Mathematical
• Spatial
• Visualisation
• Classification
• Logic
• Pattern recognition
• Memory
• Reasoning

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Pattern recognition
A
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Logic
E
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Classification
D
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• Test the Nation from the BBC.
• Asses cognitive ability
• Indicates general intellectual ability
• Learning may exercise your mind
• Fairly accurate indicator of intellectual
  potential.
• Correlation between IQ and success in school and
  the
• work place

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However...

• Just show how good the individual is at IQ
  tests!
• Dont measure the quantity of your knowledge
• Learning does not automatically increase your IQ
  
• Largely unknown and it is only an estimation
• Imperfect method
• Don't measure creativity, social skills, wisdom,
  acquired abilities
• Only tests problem solving ability.

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Other methods..

• Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
• Raven Progressive
  Matrices
• Visual Illusions (Psychophysics)
• Elementary Cognitive Tasks.
• Psychometric Tests (Aptitude Tests)

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Impossible to measure?

• Difficult to translate questions to other
  cultures
• Defining it is very problematic
• The early Greeks thought the brain was the
  home of your soul, rather than your intellect

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Factors Affecting Intelligence
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RACE
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James Watson Nobel prize winner for work on DNA
with Francis Crick
says he is inherently gloomy about the prospect
of Africa because all our social policies are
based on the fact that their intelligence is the
same as ours - whereas all the testing says not
really." He said he hoped that everyone was
equal, but countered that people who have to
deal with black employees find this not true.
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GENDER
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Male Versus Female Intelligence Does Gender
Matter? 
Many studies consistently show that the average
IQ scores of men and women are equivalent.
Although most of the common tests are
intentionally designed to weed out a sex bias,
some gender-specific findings persist Men
tend to perform better on spatial questions.
Women outpace men on reading and other verbal
skills.
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• NOW ITS TIME FOR THE QUIZ AND THE JELLY
  BRAIN.!