PowerPointPrsentation

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What results can be used by decision makers and
how ?- Lessons learnt in Germany
Integrated Waste Management Life Cycle
AssessmentWorkshop Conference Prague13.-14.
April 2004 Jürgen Giegrich
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LCA and policy making
List of publicly commissioned LCAs in
Germanywith waste management focus (since 1993)

• Beverage container study I (product LCA)
• LCA in waste management (tyres, refrigerators)
• LCA for graphical papers (mass flow analysis)
• LCA for recovery options of waste oil
• Ecological and economic evaluation of recovery
  options for light weight packaging
• LCA on waste from sewage treatment plants
• Beverage container study II (product LCA)
• Screening LCA for waste management options of
  hazardous waste (solvents, electroplating sludge,
  iron cast sands, oil separator waste)
• LCA of waste management options for organic waste
• LCA of co-fermentation of organic waste with
  sewage sludge

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LCA and policy making
Objective
The German Ministry of Environment needed
arguments for the political discussionTo
identify the environmentally most favourable
recycling option for used oil. Scientifical
support for the political decision making of
implementing the EU waste oil directive into
national legislation.
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LCA and policy making
Scenarios

• Regeneration Multi-step distillation, as
  practised in the
• mineral oil refinery Dollbergen (MRD).
• The plant produces base oils and fuel oils
  as by-products.

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LCA and policy making
Impact categories
Global warming
(CO2, CH4 N2O as CO2-Equivalents)
(NOx, VOC as NCPOCP)
(SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, NH3 as SO2-Equivalents)
(NOx, NH3 als PO43-Equivalents)
(Cancerogenic pollutants As, Cd, Cr-VI, Ni,
PCDD/F, BaP as As-Equivalents)
(represented by hydro carbons in water effluents)
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LCA and policy making
System boundary
Recovery system
Regeneration
Equivalency system
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LCA and policy making
Results of Impact assessment Global warming
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LCA and policy making
Results of Impact assessment Resource consumption
kg ROE-Equiv. per 1 ton of recovered used oil
1,200
1 Base oil
2 Fuel oil
3 Methanol
4 cement work
1,000
800
600
400
200
Impact of recovery
Impact of substituted equivalency system
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LCA and policy making
UBA Valuation method (according to ISO 14042)
Ranking the impact categories in a given order of
hierarchy, such as very high, high, medium, and
low priority.
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LCA and policy making
Normalisation and ranking
Ranking ecological priority
Person equivalent value
medium
C
B
high
Acidification
kg SO2-Eq/a
73.3
Eutrophication, terrestrial
high
3.5
B
kg PO43-Eq/a
very high
A
5.7
g As-Eq/a
cancerogenic risk potential
Human toxicity
Eco toxicity
medium
C
52
g/a
medium
Resource consumption
C
2,382
kg RO-Eq/a
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LCA and policy making
Valuating the recovery options
1 Base oil
2 Fuel oil
4 Cement work
3 Methanol
nnnnnn nnnnn
nnnnn nnnn
Global warming
nnnnn nnnn
?

?

Summer smog
n
nn nn
nn n

Acidification
?
?
n
n
nn n
Eutrophication
?
nnnn nnn
nnnnnn nnnnn
nnnnnn nnnnnn
Human toxicity
?


n
Eco toxicity
Resource consumption

?
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnn
The number of squares shows the difference
difference to the most beneficial option (marked
by ? ) in each case 1 square corresponds to
5.000 PEV (rounded) Ranking n very
high, n high, n medium,
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LCA and policy making
Similar study commissioned by the State of Lower
Saxony conducted by ÖKOPOL 1997
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LCA and policy making
Objective
The federal states have the legal obligation to
set up waste management plans for their area. The
Environmental Ministry of Northrhine-Westphalia
established plans for different waste
streamsAssessment of the environmentally
better treatment option for all waste streams
from sewage treatment plants in Northrhine
-Westphalia (with the emphasis on sewage sludge)
as a basis for the federal state waste management
plan.
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LCA and policy making
System boundary
d
Output into the environment (emissions to air,
water, soil)
Input from the environment (mineral and fossil
resources)
landspreading in agriculture
benefit substitution of primary resources,
products, processes
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LCA and policy making
Parameter primary energy use of the treatment
options
4
3
2
primary energy use, fossil in GJ / t DS
1
recovery using wet sludge
recovery using de-watered sludge
co-incineration in lignite power plant
mono incineration
soil formation
0
credit (electricity)
credit (lignite)
credit (mineral fertilizer)
credit (mineral fertilizer)
recovery of degraded land
incineration
agricultural recovery
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LCA and policy making
use for degraded land
mono incineration (fl. bed)
co-incineration (power plant)
agricultural use



greenhouse effect (A)
summersmog (C)




eutrophication (terrestr.) (B)





eutrophication (aquat.) (C)



acidification (B)
cancerogenic risk (air) (A)



(repr. human tox.)
mercury (air) (B)



(repr. human tox.)
particles (B)



(repr. human tox.)

lead input to soil (C)










cadmium input to soil (B)






fossile resources (C)
mineral resources (D)






phosphate
landfill space (D)










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LCA and policy making
agricultural use
use for degraded land
mono incineration
co-incineration
greenhouse effect (A)



summersmog (C)




eutrophication (terrestr.) (B)



eutrophication (aquat.) (C)



acidification (B)



cancerogenic risk (air) (A)



(repr. for human tox.)
mercury (air) (B)



(repr. for human tox.)



particles (B)



(repr. for human tox.)
o
fossile resources



landfill space (D)










deutung
Spez. Beitrag
1 Quadrat entspricht 10.000 EDW (gerundet)
Ökologische B
e

sehr groß (A)
groß (B)
mittel (C)
gering (D)




Unterschiede, die bei weniger als 5.000 EDW
liegen werden durch Punkte
kenntlich gemacht, die Anzahl der Punkte weist
auf die Rangfolge hin.
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LCA and policy making
Conclusions of the study

• Agricultural recovery should be limited to the
  sludges with the lowest content of
  contaminants and in parallel a high content of
  available phosphate
• In any other cases Incineration should have
  priority, while co-incineration should be
  accompanied by a highly efficient mercury
  scrubbing system
• Use of sludges on degraded land should be
  avoided because it is connected with
  environmental disadvantages in all cases
  (exception some applications with high quality
  demands for compost products)

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LCA and policy making
Similar study commissioned by the State of
Schleswig-Holstein conducted by IFEU
2000Similar study commissioned by the State of
Bavaria conducted by BIFA 2000
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LCA and policy making
Objective
The German Bundesrat took the following decision
(29 May 1998)The collection and recovery of
used packaging material should be reconsi-dered
in order to ensure that only those types of
packaging waste are integrated in the Dual System
(DSD) which are environmentally and economically
acceptable
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LCA and policy making
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LCA and policy making
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LCA and policy making
Concluding Table
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LCA and policy making
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LCA and policy making
List of ongoing LCA projects for the public
sector

• LCA of plastic material in household waste by
  UBA and Plastic Industry Association (2001-2003)

• LCA of co-incineration in industrial plants
  by MUNLV of NRW (2002-2004)

• Up-date of LCA for sewage sludge treatment in
  North Rhine-Westphalia by MUNLV of NRW
  (2003-2004)

• Evaluation of overall achievements of waste
  policy in Germany during the last 15 years and
  future perspectives by BMU/UBA (2003-2004)

• LCA of different waste collection systems by
  MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004)

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Final remarks
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LCA and policy making