Chinese Dynasties

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Chinese Dynasties

• Too Many Dynasties to Remember? Lets try a SONG!
• Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
• Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
• Sui, Tang, Song
• Sui, Tang, Song
• Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
• Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
• Mao Zedong
• Mao Zedong
• Lets try Frere Jacques
• http//rhs.rocklin.k12.ca.us/academics/socialscien
  ce/apwh/index.html

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Chinese Dynasties Shang through Peoples
Republic of China- sources Earth and Its
Peoples, Barrons

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Chinese Dynasties Shang 1750 BCE 1027 BCE

• Shang (1750 BCE 1027 BCE)
• - confined area of northeastern China
• - Governance
• - King and adminstrators ruled over core
  area (Yellow River Valley)
• - Royal family and high-ranking nobility
  managed provinces further out. - More
  distant areas were administered by native
  rulers
• - The King would often travel from province
  to province to reinforce ties of loyalty
  (Bulliet 59)

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Chinese Dynasties Shang 1750 BCE 1027 BCE

• Shang (1750 BCE 1027 BCE)
• - Governance
• - King made himself indispensable
• -served as intermediary between the
  people and the gods.
• - Religion
• - Royal family worshipped ancestors, practiced
  divination
• - Sacrifice of animals and people used
• (Bulliet 59)

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Chinese Dynasties Shang 1750 BCE 1027 BCE

• Shang (1750 BCE 1027 BCE)
• - Governance
• - Frequent military campaigns
• - warrior aristocracy
• - most prominent class
• - frequent battles with barbarians
• - gave opportunity for brave
  achievements
• - many POWs used as slaves in capital
  city (Bulliet 59)

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Chinese Dynasties Shang 1750 BCE 1027 BCE

• Shang (1750 BCE 1027 BCE)
• - Trade
• - Far reaching trade networks
• - brought in ivory, jade, mother-of-pearl
• - May have traded with Mesopotamia (Bulliet
  59)

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Chinese Dynasties Shang 1750 BCE 1027 BCE

• Shang (1750 BCE 1027 BCE)
• - Bronze
• - Was a sign of authority
• - used in warfare and ritual
• - Artisans
• - who made bronze were well- compensated
  (Bulliet 59)

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Chinese Dynasties Shang 1750 BCE 1027 BCE

• Shang (1750 BCE 1027 BCE)
• Technology
• - horse-drawn chariot
• - may have borrowed from M. East
• - domestication of water buffalo
• - for labor
• - engineering
• - construction of cities, massive defensive
  walls made of earth, monumental royal tombs.
• - writing
• - pictogram and phonetic symbols that made up
  writing system a key to effective
  administration (Bulliet 60)

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• - longest lasting and most revered of all
  Chinese dynasties
• - preserved Shang foundational culture while
  adding new important elements

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• - Mandate of Heaven
• - Other elements of religion

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• - Governance of early Zhou era
• - Western Zhou 11th 9th century BCE
• - sophisticated administrative system (Bulliet
  61)

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• - Governance of early Zhou era
• - Western Zhou 11th 9th century BCE
• - Imperial official expected to model decorum
• - Highly decentralized as the Shang had been
• (Bulliet 62)

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• - By 800 BCE Zhou power began to wane
• - Local rulers had more power and warred
  with each other.
• - Bureaucracy increased
• - wealth and power was justified by
  authoritarian political philosophies
  (Bulliet 62)
• Legalism

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• Legalism
• - idea that humans are essentially wicked and
  will behave in an orderly fashion only if
  compelled by strict laws and harsh
  punishments, administered by a powerful
  ruler.
• - every aspect of a human society needed to
  be controlled.
• - personal freedom needed to be sacrificed
  to the needs and demands of the state.
  (Bulliet 62)

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• Confucianism
• Confucius (551-479 BCE)
• Mengzi (371-289 BCE) made teachings much
  better known
• - roots in earlier beliefs
• - veneration of ancestors
• - mandate of heaven etc.
• - each person has a particular role to play
  each persons conduct necessary to maintain
  the social order.
• - emphasized benevolence, avoidance of
  (Bulliet 63)

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• Confucianism
• Later in the era of the early emperors
  became the dominant political philosophy.

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• The Warring States Period (480-221 BCE)
• - saw the rise of Daoism the path
• - ideas of Yin and Yang also
• - social organization also changed
• - from clan-based to the three- generational
  family
• - grandparents, parents, children
• - also concept of private property
• - Land belonged to the men of the family
• -either divided equally among sons at
  fathers death or given to eldest son.
• (Bulliet 63)

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Chinese Dynasties Zhou 1027 BCE 221 BCE

• Zhou (1027 BCE 221 BCE)
• Classical ideas of family, property, and
  bureaucracy took shape during Zhou rule
• - The rise of competitive and quarrelling
  smaller states at the end of the Zhou period
  set things up for a strong central power to
  unify the Chinese lands.
• - commonalities in culture between the smaller
  states but also distinct cultural differences
  (similar in some ways to the different Greek
  city-states) (Bulliet 64)

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Chinese Dynasties Qin 221 - 206 BCE

• Qin (221 BCE 206 BCE)
• - Began long period of Imperial China that would
  last into the 20th century.
• Aggressive tendencies and disciplined way of
  life made it the premier power among the warring
  states in the early 3rd century BCE
• - Qin rapidly conquered their rivals and created
  Chinas first empire.
• - Empire was extensive basically the China of
  today much more extensive than the relatively
  compact zone in northeastern China of the Shang
  and Zhou
• - BUT at great human cost empire barely
  survived its founder (Shi Huangdi)
• (Bulliet 64, 160)

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Chinese Dynasties Qin 221 - 206 BCE

• Qin (221 BCE 206 BCE)
• - Leaders were able and ruthless men
• - drew on ideas of legalism
• - cracked down on Confucianism
• - worked to eliminate potential rivals
• - eliminated primogeniture
• - so land would be split up to several heirs.
• - why?
• - abolished slavery
• - wanted a free peasantry of small land owners
• - why?

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Chinese Dynasties Qin 221 - 206 BCE

• Qin (221 BCE 206 BCE)
• - Committed to standarization
• - with writing, weights, coinage, a uniform
  law code etc.
• - tried to eliminate individual version of
  these in each state.
• - Qin
• - built thousands of miles of roads
• - built canals
• - linked some walls as a barricade to
  foreigners (Bulliet 163-164)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Qin and Han
• - began the long history of imperial China that
  would last into the 20th century
• - remarkable achievement to consolidate these
  lands because they were quite diverse in
  topography, climate, plant and animal life
  and human population
• - there were great obstacles to communication
  and a uniform way of life more so than the
  Roman Empire experienced
• - there was no internal sea like the
  Mediterranean that the Romans had to help with
  transportation. (Bulliet 160)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Qin and Han
• - Key to empires
• -1) Agricultural production
• - the primary source of wealth and taxes that
  supported imperial China.
• (Bulliet 160)
• 2) Human labor
• - the other fundamental commodity
• - took advantage of this much as the Romans
  did
• - dependence on large population of free
  peasants to give taxes and labor to the
  state (Bulliet 161)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Han
• Human labor
• - in between growing seasons required
  every able-bodied man to donate one month
  of labor a year to public work projects
• - construction was done on palaces,
  temples, roads, canals, transporting goods
  etc.
• - Another obligation was two years of
  military service (Bulliet 161)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Han
• - continued structure and Legalist ideology
  but less harsh
• - mixed with form of Confucianism
• - emphasized the benevolence of the
  government and the appropriate behaviors in
  a hierarchal society.
• - Han structure became the standard

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Han -
• - Gradually, but persistently the Han
  expanded at the expense of other ethnic
  groups.
• - As they expanded they brought their
  culture with them
• - ideas about family, Confucianism etc.
• - Chinese today refer to themselves
  ethnically as Han
• (Bulliet 161, 164)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Han captial Changan -
• - thriving city
• - 246,000 in 2 CE
• - filled with officials, soldiers,
  merchants, craftsmen and foreign
  visitors
• - high walls to protect government
  buildings
• - became a model for urban planning
• - some of city was planned

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Han captial Changan -
• - thriving city
• - gap between rich and poor
• - government officials and merchants
  lived a very different life from the common
  man

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Leadership and Mandate of Heaven
• - continued this idea
• - ruler was regarded as a divinity his word
  was law to a much higher degree than in Rome.
• - However, the Chinese believed there was a
  strong tie between heaven and the natural
  world
• - THEREFORE, floods, earthquakes, droughts etc.
  were seen as a due to the emperors
  mismanagement and a reason for him to be
  replaced. (Bulliet 165)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Leadership
• - Emperor lived secluded life with wives,
  children, servants, courtiers etc.
• - Central government rarely came in contact
  with the common man
• - local officials would have contact
• - Local officials were often gentry
• - moderately wealthy, educated men who
  were desired by emperors to weaken the
  rich, powerful rural aristrocrats.
• - gentry were generally efficient, respected,
  and responded quickly to the needs of the
  people

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Leadership (Bulliet 165 - 166)
• - System was set up
• 1) to train officials (gentry) to be
  intellectually capable and morally
  worthy to serve.
• 2) to measure an officials performance with a
  code of conduct.
• - According to tradition an Imperial University
  trained the would-be officials and had more
  than 30,000 students. Some scholars doubt
  this however.
• - In theory any man could advance in this
  system. In practice, the sons of gentry had a
  distinct advantage to receive the necessary
  training.

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Leadership (Bulliet 165 - 166)
• - When emperor died, his most favored wife
  got to choose the next emperor from among
  the males of his ruling clan.

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Technology
• - Iron Qin may have been first to take
  advantage of this as Chinese metallurgists
  were ahead of other areas.
• - Crossbow
• - watermill power to use with grindstone.
• - advanced horse collar
• - allowed horse to breathe better and carry
  heavier loads.
• - Roads and waterways
• - helped with transportation and
  trade. (Bulliet 166-167)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Decline
• - Several reasons
• 1) Harder and harder to provide adequate
  protection versus nomadic invaders
• - this led to local nobles, merchants,
  and/or warlords offering their protection
• 2) military conscriptions system broke down
• 3) corruption, inefficiency

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Han (206 BCE 220 CE)
• - Decline
• - All of these reasons led to political
  fragmentation.
• - This fragmentation lasted until the rise of
  the Sui and Tang in the late 6th and 7th
  centuries. (Bulliet 168)
• - For good comparison of Roman and Han
  Empires read pgs. 168-170

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• Between Han (206 BCE 220 CE) and the Sui (589
  CE 618 CE)
• - Power vacuum
• - small kingdoms
• - some used Chinese style governance
• - others affected by Tibetan, Turkish or
  other regional cultures. Buddhism
  sometimes legitimized these rulers.
  (Bulliet 276)

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Chinese Dynasties Han 206 BCE 220 CE

• The Sui (589 CE 618 CE)
• - In a span of less than 40 years, the Sui
  reunified China
• - Confucianism was the central ideology.
• - However, there was a strong Buddhist influence
  and also a wide variety of other contributing
  religious beliefs as well. (Bulliet 276)

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Chinese Dynasties Sui 589 CE 618 CE

• The Sui (589 CE 618 CE)
• - built Grand Canal 1,100 miles long
• - irrigation systems in Yangzi River Valley
• - waged massive military campaigns against
  Korea, and Japan.
• - Perhaps moved too fast became overextended
  led to downfall. They could not sustain these
  efforts.

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - maintained the eastern borders established by
  the Sui and expanded westward into Central Asia,
  under the leadership of brilliant Emperor Li
  Shimin (Bulliet 627-649)
• - avoided overcentralization by allowing local
  nobles, gentry, officials, and religious
  establishments to exercise significant power.
• - Tang were heavily influenced by Central Asian
  expertise but also by Chinese traditions
• - Tang were descendants of Turkic elites and
  Chinese officials who had intermarried with the
  Turks.

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Tang were heavily influenced by Central Asian
  expertise but also by Chinese traditions
• - Tang were descendants of Turkic elites and
  Chinese officials who had intermarried with
  the Turks.
• - This combination of knowledge proved very
  valuable
• example Warfare
• - the Tang combined Chinese weapons
• (crossbow and armored infantrymen) with
  Central Asian expertise in horsemanship and
  the use of iron stirrups.
• - The result From 650-750 CE, Tang armies were
  the most formidable on earth. (Bulliet 278)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Role of Buddhism
• - Buddhism had played a large role in
  northern China and Central Asia after the
  fall of the Han.
• - Buddhism gave a spiritual function to kings
  and emperors bring humankind into the
  Buddhist realm
• - Mahayana Buddhism encouraged the
  translation of Buddhist scriptures into
  other languages.

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Role of Buddhism helped make Tang
  cosmopolitan
• - Buddhism became an important ally of the
  early Tang imperial family.
• - asked for prayer and expected monetary
  contributions.
• - in return, monasteries received tax
  exemptions land and other privileges.
• - As Tang expanded, Buddhism became even more
  important
• - Changan became the center of continent-wide
  system of communication
• - Buddhist Central Asians, Vietnamese,
  Japanese, and Koreans all regularly visited
  the capital Changan
• - they left with Tang cultural ideas and
  contributed their own.

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Tributary System
• - countries from East and Southeast Asia not
  under direct Han control would contribute
  ambassadors and students to Changan to pay
  tribute. This would gain them trading
  rights or a strategic alliance.
• - Changan functioned as the cultural and
  economic capital of eastern Asia. (Bulliet
  279)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Changan
• - market roads, major long-distance roads,
  caravan routes (including the Silk Road), sea
  routes, and canals all brought people and
  commerce towards Changan.
• - The Grand Canal
• - especially important
• - armies patrolled it, towns built along
  it, special budget made for its
  maintenance.
• - after the fall of the Tang Empire, capitals
  were founded in the eastern part of China
  largely because of economic and political
  effects of the Grand Canal. (Bulliet 280)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Sea prowess
• - Chinese seamen famous for their skill in
  compass design and shipbuilding.
• - Tang ships were known for their size
  twice the carrying volume of the Byzantine
  and Abbasid ships.
• - Ships also transported bubonic plague to
  China and to Korea, Japan and Tibet.
• - city dwellers learned to control the
  plague but the plague persisted in
  isolated rural areas.
• (Bulliet 280)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Tang Integration
• - ideas, culture flowed between China,
  Central Asia, and the Islamic world
• - clothing
• - working people replaced drobes with
  pants introduced by horse-riding Turks
  from Central Asia
• - Cotton replaced hemp in clothing material.
• - New pasttimes polo women could play
• - New foods tea, sugar, spices, grape wine

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Tang Integration
• - import substitution
• - China lost its monopoly on silk but
  began to grow products that it had previously
  imported (cotton, tea, sugar)
• - still remained the source of superior silks
• - also became the sole supplier of porcelain.
• (Bulliet 281)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Decline of the Tang Empire
• - in mid 800s declining as were other close
  civilizations the Uigars and Tibet
• - soldiers, criminals etc. were able to roam,
  robbing, raping, murdering etc. w/little
  resistance (Bulliet 281)
• - Empire was too dependent upon local military
  commanders and a complex tax collection
  system (Bulliet 282)
• - power of emperors all but gone in provinces
  military governors starting to rule (Bulliet
  281)
• - Empire did end but the economy did prove
  resilient even so in ensuing centuries, East
  Asia was fragmented and its communication with
  Europe and the Islamic world was obstructed
• (Bulliet 284)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - Decline of the Tang Empire
• Cultural backlash versus foreign cultures
  and influences
• - we see this in later China as well
• Buddhism attacked and severely limited during
  decline
• - After two centuries of Buddhist influence,
  the Imperial family began to distrust the
  Buddhist monasteries and blamed Buddhist
  clergy for the political problems
• - In 840 CE when the Tang were falling apart
  they moved to crush the economic power and
  influence of the Buddhist monasteries.
• - the Confusian elite believed that Buddhism
  was encouraging the dissolution of the family
  was a subversive influence with respect to
  womens role in politics
• - example Wu Zhao discredited
• - The monasteries were dissolved many
  artifacts lost
• - in later China monasteries were made legal
  again but they never held the same social,
  political, or cultural influence that they
  had during the Tang Dynasty. (Bulliet 281-282)

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Chinese Dynasties Tang 618 CE 907 CE

• The Tang Empire (618 CE 907 CE)
• - End of the Tang Empire
• Ended in 907 and was succeeded by a set of
  smaller states.
• - The regional states refined the Tang
  cultural influences and applied Tang
  technological knowledge but the
  cosmopolitan China was gone for
  centuries to come. (Bulliet 283-284)

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - established in central China
• - less connection with East and Central Asia
• - however, sea connections East, West and
  Southeast Asia continued
• - other relationships grew - countries more
  friendly with Song
• - Korea, Japan strengthened relationship with
  Song less worried than during Tang time
  because military less powerful
• - Allied regions of East Asia
• - formed a Confucian region in which goods,
  resources, and knowledge were vigorously
  exchanged.
• (Bulliet 285)
• -

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Strong enemies greatly affected the Song
• - 1st the Liao
• - allied with the Jurchens to defeat the Liao
  but the Jurchens later became enemies
  also
• - 2nd the Jin (formerly the Jurchens)
• - in both cases, paid annual fees for truce
• - Jin confined Song to southern China (hence
  the Southern Song period name) (Bulliet
  285-287)

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Advances in technology, medicine,
  astronomy, and mathematics
• - often came from motivation and resources
  to meet needs sometimes urgent ones from
  warfare and colonization
• - Similar to Indian, Uigar, and M.Eastern
  scholars there were advances in measurement and
  observation
• - some of ideas came from migration from India
  and other places
• - precise lunar calendar, development of
  compass, giant mechanical clock, 1st to use
  fractions

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Advances
• - Compass 1st naval use 1090
• - along with Greek astrolabe made a big
  difference on the sea
• - Junks (ships)
• - stern-mounted rudder, water-tight bulkhead
• - the merchants in the Persian Gulf quickly
  adopted these features.
• (Bulliet 287-288)

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Army in response to pressure from Liao and
  Jin
• - not as powerful as Song army but four times
  as large in an empire that was half the size
  (1.25 million men)
• - leadership
• - men were educated specifically for the task
  of leading the army.
• - iron
• - huge volume 125, 000 tons which would have
  rivaled 18th century Britain
• - Chinese skilled metallurgists
• - steel for weapons, for defense
• - bridges, small buildings
• - mass production techniques from ceramics and
  bronze were used. (Bulliet 288 289)

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Army
• - gunpowder
• - to propel flaming arrows
• - shells
• - limited to defense and no major impact
  on the overall conduct of war. (Bulliet 289)

57
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Economy and Society
• - Civil pursuits were important even in the
  midst of the military challenges
• - The civil man outranked the military man in
  the social hierarchy
• - Private academies designed to train men for
  the civil service examinations and to develop
  intellectual interests became quite
  influential

58
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Civil Service Exams
• - had started during the Tang Dynasty but under
  the Song it assumed the form it retained for
  nearly a thousand years.
• - it was designed to recruit the most talented
  men for civil service regardless of
  background.
• - in reality, however, men from wealthy
  families were more likely to succeed
  since they had time to study for it. -
  passing or failing could make or break a man
  socially and psychologically (Bulliet 289)

59
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Civil Service Exams
• - government used the preparation for it to
  indoctrinate millions of ambitious young
  men many more than would actually pass
  the test.
• - advances with an early form of moveable type
  in printing was big part of this
• - by 1000 CE, the Song state was mass
  producing exam preparation books.
• - men had to be literate to have a chance and
  basic education was still not common the
  opportunities for those with limited means
  did increase some without an elite background
  did enter government service (Bulliet 289)

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Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Mass printing
• - also used to distribute material explaining
  planting, irrigation techniques, harvesting,
  tree cultivation, threshing, and weaving.
• - Land-holding
• in the hand of a few, very wealthy families
• - partly because during Tang times, what is now
  south China was still a frontier.
• - Prosperity and vibrant trade stimulated
  population growth
• - during the 1100s CE the population rose to
  more than 100 million (Bulliet 289-290)

61
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Cities
• - multistory wooden apartment houses were
  common
• - heavy population demanded expertise in
  management of waste, water supply, disease
  control and fire fighting. Many Song cities
  were able to respond to these problems.
• - foreign visitors to Hangzhou recorded their
  amazement at the way in which the
  tremendous population density was managed
  while restaurants, parks, bookstores, wine
  shops, tea houses, and theaters gave beauty
  to the inhabitants (Bulliet 290)

62
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Economy
• - credit
• - introduced during Tang period was widely
  applied for the first time during the Song
  period.
• - flying money used worked because credit
  networks tended to be managed by families
• - government money printed
• - led to heavy inflation
• - Song economy grew so rapidly that the
  government could not maintain the huge
  monopolies and strict regulation that had been
  traditional China
• - made it harder for Song to gain the revenue
  it needed to maintain the army, canals and
  other public projects
• - meant a much heavier tax burden for the
  common man
• (Bulliet 290-291)

63
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Economy
• - Because many of the new commercial and
  industrial activities were not under the
  control of the government or traditional
  elites, historians often refer to Song China
  as modern
• - urban life was transformed by the elites
  desire for fine cloth, porcelain, exotic
  foods, large houses, paintings and books.
• - There were new opportunities for individuals
  with capital
• - Now merchants and artisans could make a
  fortunes not just gentry and officials
• - No longer was the only source of wealth
  land-based agriculture. (Bulliet 291)
• - However, womens lives did not improve
• - began a long period of cultural
  subordination, legal disenfranchisement and
  social restriction
• - footbinding (Bulliet 291-292)

64
Chinese Dynasties Song 960 CE 1279 CE

• The Song Empire (960 CE 1127 CE)
• Southern Song Period (1127-1279 CE)
• - Southern Song Empire Ends
• - the Yuan Empire ruled by Khubilai Khan
  destroyed Song Empire in 1279 CE.
• (Bulliet 350)

65
Chinese Dynasties Yuan Empire 1279-1368 CE

• - Khubilai Khan
• - understood and used the advantages of the
  Chinese traditions of traditional rule.
• - pages 351-354 in Bulliet

66
Chinese Dynasties Ming Empire 1368-1644 CE

• - Many economic and cultural achievements up
  until 1600.
• - Ming manufacturers had transformed the global
  economy with their techniques for the
  assembly-line production of porcelain.
  (Bulliet 554)
• - Qing took over in 1644
• - However, Ming still had not lost hope
  appealed to the Catholic Church for help saying
  that all the imperial family had been
  converted.
• - However, the message and its response took
  years and by then the royal family were all
  dead. (Bulliet 556)
• - to read more about the early Ming
• read Bulliet pgs 355-362.
• - to read more about the late Ming
• read Bulliet pgs. 554-556.

67
Chinese Dynasties Qing Empire 1644-1911 CE

• - Established by the Manchus who overthrew the
  Ming Empire. (Bulliet 556)
• - Manchus were a very small portion of the
  population and were dependent on diverse
  peoples for their achievements. (Bulliet 556)
• - The 17th and 18th centuries were the Qings
  greatest period of economic, military, and
  cultural achievement.
• - Foreign trade was encouraged.
• - roads and waterworks were repaired
• - transit taxes were lowered
• - low rents and interest rates were mandated.
• (Bulliet 557)

68
Chinese Dynasties Qing Empire 1644-1911 CE

• Emperor Kangxi
• - reigned from 1669-1722
• - very successful, marked by great expansion and
  stability
• - was willing to incorporate ideas and
  technologies from different regions
• - had relationship with and was interacted with
  the Jesuit

69
Chinese Dynasties Qing Empire 1644-1911 CE

• Tea and Diplomacy
• Europe had admiration for Chinas products and
  its political philosophies
• - Chinese products were sought after in Europe
• - silk, porcelain, tea and other decorative
  items such as wallpaper became popular in
  Europe.
• (Bulliet 559)
• - Tea became enormously popular in England.
• - Qing eager to expand Chinas economic
  influence but determined to control trade very
  strictly
• - permitted only one market point for each
  foreign sector Canton for sea trade (Bulliet
  560)
• - system worked well enough for European
  traders until the late 1700s.

70
Chinese Dynasties Qing Empire 1644-1911 CE

• Tea and Diplomacy
• - Macartney mission to China in 1793
• - no success
• - European admiration for China faded especially
  after other European powers attempted to open
  more trade relations and also failed.
• - China was considered despotic, self-satisfied
  and unrealistic
• Russia
• Was struggling with Qing for control of Central
  Asia had established a sophisticated way of
  resolving or at least suspending their
  differences
• Towards end of 18th century Russia was leaning
  towards the European concensus that the Qing were
  keeping an outdated and unreasonable trade system
  in place. (Bulliet 561)
• - To learn about the Qing read pgs. 556-562

71
Chinese Dynasties 20th Century

• - Empress Dowager Cixi
• - Boxer Uprising
• - Western powers and Japan capture Beijing and
  force China to pay
• - Many Chinese students become convinced that
  the Qing dynasty must end for their country to
  modernize
• - When Cixi died in 1908, Sun Yat-sen and the
  Revolutionary Alliance prepared to take over.
• - stopped every attempt at creating
  Western- style government and harassed Suns
  followers. The military was in control.
  (Bulliet 768-769)

72
Chinese Dynasties 20th Century

• - When Yuan Shikai, the most powerful regional
  general refused to defend the Qing from a
  regional army uprising in 1911, a revoutionary
  assembly elected Sun president of China and the
  last Qing emperor, a boy, abdicated.
• - Sun had no military force to command and he
  soon resigned turning over power to Yuan.
• - Yuan
• - stopped every attempt at creating
  Western-style government and harassed Suns
  followers. The military was in control.
  (Bulliet 768-769)
• - 1919-1929 Warlord era
• - fought each other, frightened off foreign
  trade and investment. China grew poorer and
  poorer.

73
Chinese Dynasties 20th Century

• - When Sun died in 1925, the leadership of his
  party, the Guomindang, was turned over to
  Chiang Kai-shek.
• - Chiang
• - was determined to crush regional warlords
• - formed a brief alliance with the Communists
  but once he occupied Shanghai he allied
  himself with local gangsters to eliminate the
  Communists and the labor unions.
• - He then finished off the warlords and
  established a dictatorship (Bulliet 769)

74
Chinese Dynasties 20th Century

• - Chiang
• - He had ambitious plans to build railroads,
  develop agriculture and industry to
  modernize China
• - HOWEVER, his administrators were NOT
• a) competent administrators like the
  Japanese officials of the Meiji
  Restoration
• or b) ruthless modernizers like the Russian
  Bolsheviks.
• - Instead, most were corrupt. What little money
  made it to the government went to the
  military.

75
Chinese 20th Century

• - Under Chiang
• - For 20 years following the fall of the Qing,
  China remained in mired in poverty, subject to
  corrupt officials and the whims of nature.
  (Bulliet 769)
• - Incidents of note
• - The Manchurian Incident of 1931
• - Japan took over Manchuria
• - The Long March
• - Mao Zedong and his followers pursued by the
  Chiangs army and bombed by aircraft
  fled over 6, 00 miles. Of the 100,000
  who started only 4,000 made it all the
  way alive. (Bulliet 789-790)

76
Chinese 20th Century

• - Incidents of note under Chiang
• - The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
• - War between Japan and China
• - Japan taking over Chinese territory
• - incredibly violent
• - Nanjing
• - Chiang fled into the mountains and drafted 3
  million for the army but was more concerned
  with fighting the rising Communists than
  defending China against the Japanese.
• - Mao and the Communists fought the Japanese,
  listened to the grievances of peasants, and
  presented themselves as the only group willing
  to fight the Japanese a propaganda victory
  (Bulliet 790)

77
Chinese 20th Century

• - The Peoples Republic of China (1949 CE
  current)
• - Mao and the Communists defeated the
  nationalists in 1949.
• - main ally source of arms initially was the
  Soviet Union
• - By 1956, PRC and Soviet Union began to diverge
• - Mao had his own notions of communism
• - focused strongly on the peasantry whom the
  Soviets ignored in favor of the industrial
  working class.
• - 1958 The Great Leap Forward
• - maximizing the use of labor in small-scale,
  village-level industries to move China into
  the ranks of world industrial leaders
  policy failed.

78
Chinese 20th Century

• - The Peoples Republic of China (1949 CE
  current)
• Under Mao -
• - 1966 The Cultural Revolution
• - meant to spark revolutionary fervor in a new
  generation. - Youth organized into Red Guard
  Units.
• - criticized and purged anyone who had
  bourgeois values including teachers, party
  officials, and intellectuals.
• - tried to eliminate anything Western
• - Last years of cultural revolution dominated
  by radicals who focused on restricting
  artistic and intellectual activity
• (Bulliet 848)
• - At the same time, small-scale
  industrialization resulted in record levels of
  agricultural and industrial production. (Bulliet
  848)
• - U.S. resumed diplomatic relations with China
  and dropped its objection to the PRC joining
  the UN and having a permanent seat on the
  security council.
• - President Nixon visited Beijing in 1972.
  (Bulliet 848)

79
Chinese 20th Century

• - The Peoples Republic of China (1949 CE
  current)
• Mao died in 1976
• - soon afterward the Communist leadership
  introduced economic reform that allowed more
  individual initiative and permitted
  individuals to accumulate wealth.
• - under new leader Deng Ziaoping these reforms
  were expanded across the nation (Bulliet 862)
• - China allowed foreign investment for the first
  time since the communists came to power in
  1949.
• - Much investment but still many employed by
  state-owned enterprises. Created a dual
  industrial sector.
• (Bulliet 862)

80
Chinese 20th Century

• - The Peoples Republic of China (1949 CE
  current)
• - When Mao came into power in 1949, collective
  ownership and organization was imposed
• - Deng Xiaoping changed that
• - did not privatize land but did permit the
  contracting of land to individuals. People
  were free to consume or sell what they wished
  on such land.
• - by 1984, 93 percent of Chinas agricultural
  lands were in effect in private hands. This
  tripled the agricultural output. (Bulliet 862)
• - GDP also went up but still compared to other
  nations, China remained poor and much of
  Chinas command economy remained in place.
  Serious political reform was resisted.

81
Chinese 20th Century

• - The Peoples Republic of China (1949 CE
  current)
• - Tiananmen Square
• - students rebellion squashed by PRC (Bulliet
  862)