Rick and Mark

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Chapter 4

• Rick and Mark

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Early Technological Development of Film
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Camera Obscura 1560s
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Magic Lantern 1646
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Peter Mark Roget 1824

• Venetian Blind Observation
• First scientific study of moving Pictures
• Persistence of Vision

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Phenakistiscope 1832

• Joseph Plateau

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Kinematoscope 1870

• Charles Coleman Sellers
• Flipbook

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Phasmatrope 1870

• Franklin Instutue of Philadelphia
• Henry Renno Heyl

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Eadweard MuyBridge
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Edison Kinetiscope

• Peep Show
• Reel to Reel
• 50 ft
• Standard size, sprocket holes and image

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First Projectors

• Lack of standards
• High Cost
• Unsafe
• Only in Theatres

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Vitascope

• Thomas Armat Francis Jenkins
• Color
• First Showing of motion Picture April 23, 1896.

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Show and Tell

• http//www.cedu.niu.edu/blackwell/multimedia/high/
  tour.html

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Edison

• Books will soon be obsolete in the schools.
  Scholars will soon be instructed through the eye.
  It is possible to teach every branch of human
  knowledge with the motion picture. Our school
  system will be completely changed in ten years.
• Edison quote from New York Dramatic Mirror, July
  9, 1913

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Discussion Question

• Discussion about how new technologies make old
  obsolete.
• Or
• Does media contribute to learning or not question
• Discuss for 5 minutes

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Beginnings of Educational Film

• Edison Tooth extraction
• Earliest forerunners of film
• News reels
• Travelogues
• Scientific motion picture
• Most educational films were theatrical in nature
• Edison first to produce films for classrooms

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Beginnings of Educational Film (cont.)

• Frank Freeman (1923)
• Classified educational films into four categories
• Dramatic (fictional or historical)
• Anthropological or sociological
• Industrial or commercial
• Scientific

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Educational Commercial Enterprises

• Dozens of companies and educational structures
  developed film and cameras with mixed success
• Early companies failed often because of
  mismanagement and non-standards
• Many of these companies looked to tap into war
  educational film production

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Why early commercial educational film efforts
failed

• Educators rejection of entertainment in
  classrooms
• Lack of coordination between films and current
  textbooks/courses
• Educational films too boring to be used for
  theatrical profit
• Poor management

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Era of Crisis for Educational Film

• Introduction of sound films
• Concern over novelty and compatibility of
  technology
• Results of McClusky Study (1937) to analyze early
  failures of educational films (shortened list)
• Companies did not know nature of instruction
• Too profit-oriented over educational integrity
• Mechanical issues of film use in classrooms
  (safety issues)
• Lack of quality educational products
• Questionable topics and propaganda in films
• Theatrical vs. Educational distributor
  competition
• McClusky did offer solutions for these issues

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Discussion Question

• Edutainment issue vs. educational integrity

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Theatrical Film Excerpt Controversy

• Debate over profit and fair use of theatrical
  films
• Question of morality and social values of
  theatrical films
• Committee for the Study of Social Values in
  Motions Pictures
• The Human Relations Series

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Reefer Madness (1938)
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Reasons for Early Government Film Production

• Film record of government activity
• Visual demonstration of techniques
• Job procedures
• Gain public support for action programs
• PR for government agencies
• Dramatize social economic problems

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Educational Films during WWI-WWII

• Government adopted educational films as standards
  before education
• Topics ranged from weaponry, public information,
  domestic training (e.g., Rosie the Riveter)
• Films part of official policy of War department
  in WWII
• Armed forces produced six times more films than
  education

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Postwar educational films

• Production increased with several major companies
  leading the way
• Universities became more involved in film
  production and distribution
• Problems
• Distribution continued to major issue over
  educational films and their use
• Issues over quality persisted
• Technology/compatibility issues with classroom
  usage

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Discussion Question

• Are the postwar educational film problems still
  present today and how?