Ball et al 2004

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Development Comparison of Drosophila and mouse
embryos
Ball et al 2004
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Development Hypothetical Urbilaterian
After Caroll et al 2001
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PDA Development Tripartite Bilaterian Brain
mouse
Drosophila
Ecdysozoans
Lophotrochozoans
Deuterostomes
Otd/otx
PDA
Cnidarians
Pax 2/5/8
Hox orthologs
Hirth et al 2003
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PDA Development Tripartite Bilaterian Brain
mouse
ascidian
Drosophila
Ecdysozoans
Lophotrochozoans
Deuterostomes
Otd/otx
PDA
Cnidarians
Pax 2/5/8
Hox orthologs
Hirth et al 2003
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Comparison of Neural Gene Domain Maps
14 of 22 conserved domains are expressed in
similar locations Hox, otx, emx, pax6, Six3,
gbx and tll
Vertebrate neural plate
Acorn worm
Drosophila embryo
Lowe et al., 2003
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Development Urbilaterian complexity
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Development Urbilaterian Complexity
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Development Evolution of Gene Networks
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Development Intercalary Evolution of Gene
Networks
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Types of Regulatory Homology
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Development Urbilaterian Complexity
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Sea Urchin endomesoderm GRN
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Endomesoderm Kernel among echinoderms
Davidson Erwin, 2005
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Heart specification Kernel across Bilaterians
Davidson Erwin, 2006
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• Kernel
• Plug-ins
• Differentiation
• Gene batteries
• 4. I/O switches

Sea Urchin endomesoderm GRN
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Arendt 2006 after Davidson 2006
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Davidson and Erwin 2006
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The Universe of
Developmental constraint
Genetic Constraint
Class II
Variant production
Pheontypic Pattern Evolutionary Constraint
Non-random
Selection
Natural
Architectural/ Structural constraint
Class I
Functional Coupling
Historical Contingency
Schwenk 1995
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Invention Innovation

• Invention is the creation of something new and
  distinct (contrast with variation on established
  themes)
• Innovation occurs when inventions become
  economically or ecologically significant

Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950
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Invention Innovation

• Invention is the creation of something new and
  distinct (contrast with variation on established
  themes)
• Innovation occurs when inventions become
  economically or ecologically significant

Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950
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Logistic Growth

• dN/dT r N (1 - N/K)

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When did or will the population curve of this
country pass the point of inflection, and exhibit
a progressively diminishing instead of increasing
rates of return? It is easily determined that
this point occurred about April 1, 1914. The
upper asymptote has the value Of 197,274,000
roughly. - Pearl Reed, 1920, pgs 284-285
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