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General Psychology

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Stress is a complex set of reactions to real or perceived ... Hardy personalities people who seem generally resistant to the negative aspects of stress. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: General Psychology


1
General Psychology
  • Chapter 11
  • Stress and Physical Health

2
What is Stress?
  • Stress is a complex set of reactions to real or
    perceived threats to ones well being that
    motivates adaptation
  • Stressors sources or stimuli for stress

3
Frustration-Induced Stress
  • Results from the blocking or thwarting of
    goal-directed behavior
  • Environmental or social frustration refers to
    blocking of goal-directed behavior by something
    or somebody in the environment
  • Personal frustration results from internal or
    personal reasons

4
Figure 11.1 A depiction of frustration the
blocking or thwarting ofgoal-directed behavior.
5
Conflict-Induced Stress
  • Conflict stressor in which some goals can be
    satisfied only at the expense of others
  • Approach-approach
  • Avoidance-avoidance
  • Approach-avoidance
  • Multiple approach-avoidance

6
Figure 11.2 A diagram of an approach-approach
conflict.
7
Figure 11.3 A diagram of an avoidance-avoidance
conflict.
8
Figure 11.4 A diagram of an approach-avoidance
conflict.
9
Figure 11.5 A diagram of multiple
approach-avoidance conflict.
10
Life-Induced Stress
  • Social Readjustment Rating Scale Holmes Rahe
  • Provides a list of life events that might be
    potentially stressful
  • Positive correlation between scores on SRRS and
    incidence of illness and disease

11
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) measure that
    reflects income, educational level, and
    occupation
  • Persons of higher SES are less likely than
    persons of low SES to encounter negative life
    events, such as unemployment, poor housing, and
    less access to quality health care
  • Persons of low SES have fewer resources to deal
    with stressful life events when they do occur

12
What about Hassles?
  • Lazarus and colleagues devised the Hassles Scale
  • This scale is a better predictor of symptoms such
    as anxiety and depression than the SRRS
  • Stressors can be pleasant and desired, even
    though they may bring other hassles

13
Reacting to Stressors in Our Lives
  • Stress reaction to stressors
  • Stress motivates people to do something about the
    perceived threats to ones well-being

14
Table 11.1 Ten common stressors in the lives of
middle-aged adults and college students.
15
Individual Differences in Responding to Stressors
  • Hardy personalities people who seem generally
    resistant to the negative aspects of stress.
    Related to
  • Challenge
  • Control
  • Commitment

16
Individual Differences in Responding to Stressors
  • Gender differences
  • Males likely to show a fight-or-flight reaction
  • Females tend to exhibit tend-and-befriend
    reactions

17
Seyles General Adaptation Syndrome
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) physiological
    reactions one makes to stressors
  • First stage alarm activates the sympathetic
    division of the ANS
  • Second stage resistance drain on body
    resources continues
  • Third stage exhaustion bodily resources become
    nearly depleted

18
Figure 11.6 Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome.
19
Effective Coping Strategies
  • Identify the stressor
  • Remove or negate the stressor
  • Reappraise the situation
  • Inoculate against future stressors
  • Take your time with important decisions
  • Learn techniques of relaxation
  • Engage in physical exercise
  • Seek social support

20
Figure 11.7 Reacting to frustration with
learning is the most effective long-term reaction
to stressors.
21
Ineffective Coping Strategies
  • Procrastination
  • Form of fixation simply not doing something to
    remove the stressor
  • Aggression
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis claims that
    aggression was always caused by frustration
  • Anxiety general feeling of tension,
    apprehension and dread that involves predictable
    physiological changes

22
Psychological Factors that Influence Physical
Health
  • Health Psychology is the field of applied science
    that studies psychological factors affecting
    physical health and illness
  • Changing unhealthy behaviors

23
Psychological Factors that Influence Physical
Health
  • Biopsychosocial model there may be an
    interaction between a number of factors to
    produce certain illnesses or diseases
  • Biological factors such as genetic
    predispositions
  • Social factors such as influence of family,
    social support, or ones cultural expectations
  • Personality factors

24
Type A Behavior Pattern
  • Originally defined as describing a person who was
    competitive, achievement-oriented, impatient,
    easily aroused, often hostile and angry, who
    worked many tasks at the same time

25
Type B Behavior Pattern
  • Described as relaxed and easygoing. They have
    less need for achievement and control.

26
Why People Die The Unhealthy Lifestyle
  • Many deaths are premature and preventable!
  • Nearly 2.5 million Americans die each year
  • Smoking, poor nutrition, obesity, and stress are
    behavioral risk factors
  • Behavioral techniques may help

27
Spotlight Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare
  • There are racial, ethnic, and gender disparities
    in three areas of healthcare
  • Incidence of disease and illness
  • Quality of diagnostic and treatment services
  • Availability and/or use of health insurance

28
Spotlight Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare
  • African Americans have
  • Highest HIV/AIDS incidence
  • Greatest chance of developing cancer
  • 60 higher rate of prostate cancer than Caucasian
    Americans
  • African American women have a significantly
    higher mortality rate for breast cancer

29
Spotlight Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare
  • Asian Americans higher life expectancy
  • Hispanic Americans least likely to have health
    insurance benefits

30
Helping People to Stop Smoking
  • Most people who do quit permanently do so without
    any special program of intervention
  • Using a nicotine patch in conjunction with
    therapy can be effective
  • Combining psychotherapeutic interventions with
    antidepressants seems promising

31
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
  • STDs contagious diseases usually passed on
    through sexual contact
  • STDs affect millions each year with 15,000,000
    new cases reported each year in the U.S.

32
STDs
  • Chlamydia caused by a bacterial infection and
    is one of the most common STDs in North America
  • Gonorrhea bacterial infection that affects
    millions of people
  • Syphilis has four stages, can lead to death
    without treatment
  • Genital herpes caused by a virus, also a
    popular STD

33
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
  • No current vaccine
  • No cure, but some drug combinations can increase
    life span and quality of life
  • Careful monitoring of ones behaviors is the only
    reasonable way to avoid HIV

34
Interventions to Decrease the Incidence of AIDS
  • Successful interventions involve
  • Education
  • Changing attitudes
  • Increasing motivation to engage in safer sexual
    practices
  • Providing people with negotiating skills
  • Targeting people most at risk
  • Marketing strategies

35
Psychological Complications of AIDS
  • Stress, depression, anger, anxiety, and denial
    are common
  • Males with AIDS are 7.5x more likely to commit
    suicide than men in the general population
  • Others, even family members, often shun the AIDS
    patient
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