Genetic Engineering and Genetic Technology

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Genetic Engineering and Genetic Technology
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Selective BreedingDogs and Horses and Geep oh
my!
Inbreeding similar organisms to produce desired
traits Hybridization dissimilar organisms to
produce desired combination
Geep Hybrid of Goat and Sheep
Inbred Weimeraner Dog
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Polyploidy Extra Set of Chromosomes

• Form of Genetic Engineering
• Fatal in Animals
• Makes plants bigger, better
• Ex Big Strawberries!

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Genetic technology terms

• Restriction enzymes- enzyme that cuts DNA at a
  specific sequence of nucleotides
• Useful in isolating and cutting out a gene in
  genome

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Genetic technology terms

• Gel Electrophoresis- procedure used to separate
  and analyze DNA fragments using an electric gel
  chamber
• DNA is cut into fragments by restriction enzymes
• DNA has () charged due to phosphorous in
  backbone Gel Electrophoresis chamber has a ()
  charge at end to attract DNA fragments to move
  and make a pattern
• Smaller fragments make it to the bottom, large
  stay near top
• Everyones fragment patterns are unique

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DNA fingerprint
Everyones DNA fragment patterns are unique Run
Gel Electrophoresis and compare patterns from
victim, scene and suspect
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DNA Probe

• Sequence of DNA that will bind to all
  complementary DNA sequences contains flourescent
  dye
• Ex if looking for sequence ATG in DNA (it may be
  a gene of interest), you could use a DNA probe
  with TAC to bind to it and identify it.

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Genetic technology terms

• PCR (polymerase chain reaction)- a technique that
  allows molecular biologists to make many copies
  of a particular gene
• Useful if you have found a gene that you could
  use for therapy want many copies!

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Genetic technology terms

• Recombinant DNA- DNA produced by combining DNA
  from different sources Example Human DNA put
  into a bacterial plasmid DNA

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Cloning a human gene
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Cloning - Reproductive

• Making genetically identical organisms
• Steps
• 1. Take DNA from existing org
• 2. Take egg cell and replace its nucleus (DNA)
  with existing org. DNA
• 3. Allow egg cell to develop into offspring
• Result genetically identical offspring

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Human Genome ProjectSequence all genes in human
body!

• Now know variation of 30,000 different genes in
  body DNA that does nothing
• Showed Genetic Disease-mutation causing improper
  protein CF, Down Syndrome
• Showed unique fragments of DNA helped in crime
  fighting

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Transgenic vs. Clone
Transgenic Organisms have genes inserted from
another organism Cloned Organisms have the exact
same DNA as another organism
Tobacco Plant with firefly gene
Dolly the cloned sheep
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Genetic technology terms

• Vectors-carry DNA from one source to another.
  Useful in gene therapy and making recombinant DNA
• A virus is often used
• Knock out the viral DNA and add desired gene to
  infect patient with healthy gene

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Gene Therapy

• Once Human genome was sequenced researchers knew
  which genes were mutated and caused disease and
  which were normal
• Use restriction enzymes to cut out gene normal
  gene from genome
• Take out disease causing DNA in viral vector and
  add normal human gene wont make sick
• Viral vector infects patient with normal gene
  to replace mutated one
• Normal gene inserts into patients DNA and now
  produces proper protein/trait
• Ex insulin gene being infected into diabetic

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Assignment 50 due day of Final

• A billionaire philanthropist is offering 100
  million dollars to start a genetic technology
  company. To determine how his money can best be
  invested to help humanity, the billionaire is
  holding a competition which ever business
  proposal offers the 3 best technologies to help
  humanity wins the money to start the company.
• Instructions Front of paper Name of your
  company 3 genetic technologies you feel would
  most help humanity Include a visual
  advertisement on the front with a short
  description of each technology in lay-mans terms
  sell it!
• Choose 3 of the following Cloning, Gene Cloning,
  Transgenic Organisms, Gene Therapy, DNA
  Fingerprinting, Selective Breeding, Gene
  Sequencing, Bacterial Transformation, PCR, Stem
  Cells, Genetically Modified Organisms
  (Polyploidy)
• Back of Paper write a paragraph explaining the
  technologies. Include why these technologies
  would most benefit humanity be insightful and
  far reaching!