Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering

• Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes

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What is genetic engineering?

• Moving small pieces of DNA from one organism into
  another organism

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What is recombinant DNA technology?

• Same thing as genetic engineering
• Recombinant DNA made by connecting (splicing)
  fragments of DNA from different sources

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How does recombinant DNA work?

• DNA is inserted into an organism
• Organism uses foreign DNA as if it were its own

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What are these new things called?

• Transgenic organisms
• contain recombinant DNA (initial foreign)

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How do scientists move DNA (genes) to make
transgenic organisms?

1. Isolate source of foreign DNA to be inserted
2. Join DNA with a vehicle that can transport it
3. Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into new host

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How is DNA isolated?

• Restriction enzymes are used

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What are restriction enzymes?

• Proteins that come from bacteria
• They recognize, bind to and cut DNA into smaller
  fragments at certain points
• gt200 different enzymes
• Examples are EcoRI, HinD III, Bam HI, Bgl II

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Isolate source of DNA

• Ex EcoRI cuts between G and A whenever it
  sees CTTAAG
• A G G T C T T A A G C T A G C
• T C C A G A A T T C G A T C G

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Isolate source of DNA

• Dont cut straight through both DNA strands
• Cut is offset by a few bases
• Sticky ends are produced
• C T T A A G
• G A A T T C
• C T T A A G
• G A A T T C

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Isolate source of DNA

• Ex AluI cuts between C and G whenever it sees
  AGCT
• A G C T
• T C G A
• A G C T
• T C G A
• Blunt ends are produced

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Isolate source of DNA

• Sticky Ends
• DNA can form circle because complementary bases
• OR
• DNA can pair with any other DNA fragment cut by
  the same enzyme (same bases exposed)
  Recombinant DNA

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REFRESHER How do scientists move DNA (genes)?

• Isolate source of DNA
• Answer through Restriction Enzymes
• Join DNA to a vehicle that can transport it
• Answer ???
• Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into target cell
• Answer ???

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Join DNA to a transport vehicle

• Vector
• means by which DNA from one organism gets to
  target/host cell

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Types of Vectors

• Mechanical
• Micropipette inserted into cell
• Gene gun shoots tiny metal bullet coated w/ DNA
• Biological
• Virus
• Plasmid

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What is a plasmid?

• A small ring of DNA found in bacteria, which only
  carries genes under extreme circumstances
• Both plasmid and foreign DNA are cleaved w/ same
  restriction enzyme
• They are spliced using a glue called a ligase
  (enzyme)

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How do we know if foreign DNA has been
successfully transferred?

• Host cell copies recombinant DNA and its own DNA
• Clones are created as host continues to divide
  (all w/ desired DNA)
• Foreign DNA codes for the production of a
  specific protein test the cloned cells to see
  if they produce protein or not

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And the final product is

• Newly recombined DNA that undergoes mitosis,
  producing multiple copies of new DNA
• Bacteria is considered a good host because it
  reproduces quickly

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Genetically Engineered