Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering

• Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes

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What is genetic engineering?

• Moving small pieces of DNA from one organism into
  another organism

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What is recombinant DNA technology?

• Same thing as genetic engineering
• Recombinant DNA made by connecting (splicing)
  fragments of DNA from different sources

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How does recombinant DNA work?

• DNA is inserted into an organism
• Organism uses foreign DNA as if it were its own

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What are these new things called?

• Transgenic organisms
• contain recombinant DNA (initial foreign)

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How do scientists move DNA (genes) to make
transgenic organisms?

1. Isolate source of foreign DNA to be inserted
2. Join DNA with a vehicle that can transport it
3. Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into new host

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How is DNA isolated?

• Restriction enzymes are used

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What are restriction enzymes?

• Proteins that come from bacteria
• They recognize, bind to and cut DNA into smaller
  fragments at certain points
• gt200 different enzymes
• Examples are EcoRI, HinD III, Bam HI, Bgl II

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Isolate source of DNA

• Ex EcoRI cuts between G and A whenever it
  sees CTTAAG
• A G G T C T T A A G C T A G C
• T C C A G A A T T C G A T C G

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Isolate source of DNA

• Dont cut straight through both DNA strands
• Cut is offset by a few bases
• Sticky ends are produced
• C T T A A G
• G A A T T C
• C T T A A G
• G A A T T C

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Isolate source of DNA

• Ex AluI cuts between C and G whenever it sees
  AGCT
• A G C T
• T C G A
• A G C T
• T C G A
• Blunt ends are produced

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Isolate source of DNA

• Sticky Ends
• DNA can form circle because complementary bases
• OR
• DNA can pair with any other DNA fragment cut by
  the same enzyme (same bases exposed)
  Recombinant DNA

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REFRESHER How do scientists move DNA (genes)?

• Isolate source of DNA
• Answer through Restriction Enzymes
• Join DNA to a vehicle that can transport it
• Answer ???
• Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into target cell
• Answer ???

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Join DNA to a transport vehicle

• Vector
• means by which DNA from one organism gets to
  target/host cell

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Types of Vectors

• Mechanical
• Micropipette inserted into cell
• Gene gun shoots tiny metal bullet coated w/ DNA
• Biological
• Virus
• Plasmid

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What is a plasmid?

• A small ring of DNA found in bacteria, which only
  carries genes under extreme circumstances
• Both plasmid and foreign DNA are cleaved w/ same
  restriction enzyme
• They are spliced using a glue called a ligase
  (enzyme)

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How do we know if foreign DNA has been
successfully transferred?

• Host cell copies recombinant DNA and its own DNA
• Clones are created as host continues to divide
  (all w/ desired DNA)
• Foreign DNA codes for the production of a
  specific protein test the cloned cells to see
  if they produce protein or not

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And the final product is

• Newly recombined DNA that undergoes mitosis,
  producing multiple copies of new DNA
• Bacteria is considered a good host because it
  reproduces quickly

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Genetically Engineered Products

• Frankentony is a mythical creature born as of
  November 1999.
• Frankentony is the genetically engineered cross
  between the Frankenstein monster and Tony the
  Tiger, would dedicate his life to calling
  awareness to the dangers of genetic engineering

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Genetically Engineered Products
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Genetically Engineered Products

• Nestlé is the world's largest food company and is
  a leading maker of infant formulas such as
  Carnation Alsoy and Good Start, as well as
  Butterfinger candy bars, TollHouse chocolate
  chips and Nestlé Quik. While Nestlé has pledged
  to avoid genetically engineered ingredients in
  several European countries, it has refused to
  take this responsible step in the United States.
  In fact, Nestlé has acknowledged that they "use
  some genetically grown ingredients in some
  products."

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Genetically Engineered Products

• On November 13th, the multinational fast food
  chain McDonald's informed Greenpeace Germany that
  it will no longer serve products coming from
  animals fed with genetically engineered (GE) feed
  in its restaurants in Germany. McDonald's says it
  guarantees its poultry to be GE free from April
  2001 onwards, and that it plans to ensure that
  feed used by its suppliers will soon contain no
  GE ingredients.

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Genetically Engineered Products

• Environmental and Consumer Groups Protest
  Starbucks on Dupont CircleGroups Cite Company's
  Use of Genetically Engineered Food Products

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Genetically Engineered