PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

1
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• What do they mean?
• How are they formed?
• How are they translated?

2
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• What do they mean?
• Think of some English examples
• a beaten man a cleaned house a carried trunk a
  chosen few.

3
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• How are they formed?
• ---they are essentially the 4th principal part of
  any regular verb.
• e.g., porto, portare, portavi, portatus
• portatus is the perfect passive participle and,
  as in English, could be translated as carried.

4
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• How are they formed? continued
• ---they are essentially the 4th principal part of
  any regular verb, and once again the ending must
  agree (gender, number, case) with the noun they
  are describing.
• e.g., cibus portatus cistam portatam,
  infantes portatos, etc.

5
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• How are they translated?
• ---first of all, note that they indicate an
  action which took place before the action of the
  main verb.
• e.g., Cibus portatus esus est. The food was
  first carried and then eaten. The most literal
  translation is The food, having been carried,
  was eaten.

6
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• How are they translated?...continued
• ---to translate into better English, either of
  the following might work
• After being carried, the food was eaten.
• The food was carried and then eaten.

7
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

• How are they translated?...continued
• ---Note that perfect passive participles can
  often be translated into English as relative
  clauses or as clauses introduced by conjunctions
  such as when, after, because, since, or although.
• The food which had been carried was
  eaten.(relative clause)
• After the food had been carried, it was eaten.
  (conjunction)