Ling 390 Intro to Linguistics Winter 2005 Class 1 Monday, January 3, 2005

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Finish Ch 4 today Ch 3 HW Ex 1 due today Ch 4 HW
Ex 1 due Tuesday (2/3) Problem Set 1 due Tuesday
(2/3) Ch 4 HW Ex 2 due Thursday (2/5)
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Ch3 HW

• Discuss answers

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Ch4 Features

• Features are partly acoustic partly articulatory
  aspects of sounds but they are used for phonology
  so sometimes they are created to distinguish one
  sound from others or to group sounds together
  based on how they behave in phonology!
• Used best to show natural classes being affected
  by a process.

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Ch4 Features

• Sonority hierarchy sonorant is an acoustic
  feature (remember that non sonorants are called
  obstruents)

less sonority
Greater sonority
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• Major class features
• ? consonantal - major obstruction in vocal
  tract
• obstruents, liquids, nasals (not h) (not glides)
• ? syllabic - sounds that can act as syllables
• vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides)
• ? sonorant - singable sounds
• vowels, glides, liquids and nasals (even if
  voiceless)
• ? approximant liquids, glides and vowels

Ch4 Features
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Ch4 Features

• Manner features
• ? continuant sounds with free or nearly free
  airflow through oral cavity
• fricatives, liquids, glides and vowels (not oral
  or nasal stops)
• ? delayed release ? DR the release of a
  stop is slowed to create a fricative
• affricates only (sometimes fricatives included)
• ? nasal sounds produced with a lowered velum
  (through nasal passage)
• nasal stops and nasalized vowels
• ? lateral sounds produced air flowing over
  sides of tongue
• only varieties of l are lateral
• Also trill and tap

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Ch4 Features

• Vowel features

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Ch4 Features

• You can download a feature spreadsheet at Bruce
  Hayes website here
• http//www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/120a/
  index.htmfeatures

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Ch4 Features

• Place o articulation features
• Different from other features only certain
  features apply to the 3 places
• These are neither or they just are
  according to some (not our text)
• LABIAL sounds made with at least one lip
• CORONAL sounds made with tongue tip or blade
  raised (front of tongue)
• DORSAL sounds made involving body of tongue

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Ch4 Features

• Place o articulation features
• LABIAL
• ? round sounds produced by protruding the
  lips
• round is w round is p, b, f, v
• ? labiodental lower lip to upper teeth he
  uses this feature to distinguish bilabial from
  labiodental fricatives (others use strident or
  distributed but Hayes argues that these
  features group the labiodentals into a natural
  class with other strident or -distributed
  sounds which doesnt have any support in
  phonology)
• f, v labiodental

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Ch4 Features
Palato-alveolars and retroflex
distributed laminal (more of blade of
tongue used for articulation distributed)
rather than apical (just the tongue tip
distr). Distinguishes dentals and
palato-alveolars distr from alveolars and
retroflexes -distr lateral lateral or
not
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Ch4 Features

• Place o articulation features
• DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants)
• ? high tongue body raised higher than a
  central position
• high velars and palatals and high vowels
  high uvulars and pharyngeals and non-high
  vowels
• ? low tongue body lowered lower than a
  central position
• low vowels are low others are low
  low all consonants except pharyngeals
• ? back produced with tongue body behind
  palatal region back
• backed velars, uvulars and pharyngeals and back
  vowels are back palatals and fronted/central
  velars and front vowels not
• ? front produced with tongue body in front
  of palatal region front
• front fronted velars and palatals front
  other velars, uvulars and pharyngeals

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Ch4 Features

• Place o articulation features
• DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants)
• ? tense tense vowels are tense lax
  vowels are tense
• ? reduced if the vowel is reduced, it is
  reduced (always for ) this is not part of
  Hayes system but some use this

?
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Ch4 Features
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Ch4 Features

• Place o articulation features
• Secondary articulations
• Palatalization add dorsal, high, -low,
  front, -back
• Velarization add dorsal, high, -low, -front,
  back
• Pharyngealization - add dorsal, -high, low,
  -front, back
• Labialization - add labial, round

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Ch4 Features

• Place o articulation features
• Place as a group concept
• Possible when showing a rule to use just placei
  to indicate that the place of articulation and
  all of the features involved with that place are
  included. See p. 89

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Ch4 Features
Consonants (C)
high
LABIAL
labiodental
labiodental
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Ch4 Features
Consonants (C)
CORONAL
DORSAL
high low front back
strident
distributed
strident
anterior
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Ch4 Features
DORSAL
CORONAL
front
front
high back
high back
Glottals are labial coronal dorsal
low
low
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Ch4 Features

• Laryngeal features
• ? voice vocal folds vibrating or not
• ? spread glottis ? SG aspirated sounds,
  h and breathy vowels are SG
• ? constricted glottis ? CG sounds made
  with a closed glottis are CG
• In English, only is CG, but ejectives
  are too and preglottalized stops
• ? implosive implosive sounds are
  implosive

?
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Ch4 Features

• Zero features
• If a feature is not relevant for a sound
  (usually due to place of articulation), then we
  can use 0 instead of /- for that feature which
  just means not relevant

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Ch4 Features

• Features and rules
• He discusses when to use features and when to use
  IPA symbols
• Basically, an IPA symbol is a substitute for
  feature matrix and best used when only one sound
  is involved like Indonesian velar nasal deletion
  p. 92
• You should use features when the general process
  affects a natural class rather than an individual
  sound!!

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Phonology
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Phonology Practice
Convert this statement into a rule Voiced oral
stops become voiceless at the beginning of words.
sonorant continuant voice -DR
voice
?
/ ___
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Phonology Practice
Convert this rule into a statement
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Phonology Practice
Convert this rule into a statement
Voiced fricatives become voiceless between vowels
(intervocalically)
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Phonology Practice
Convert this rule into a statement
Voiceless fricatives become aspirated word
initially
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Phonology Practice
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Phonology Practice
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Phonology Practice
Write a rule for the Spanish data and assume this
rule applies to all voiced stops
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Phonology Practice
Using just English consonant phonemes, use
features to come up with natural classes.
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• fo? nEkst ta?Im
• Keep on Ch 4 and look at Ch 4 Ex 1 for Tuesday