Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics - Winter 2005 Class 1 - Monday, January 3, 2005

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Phonetics Slide
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• Chapter 2
• Not responsible for Section 10
• Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus
• Homework exercises 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15
• Problem Set 1 due 4/17
• http//web.pdx.edu/connjc/Ling2039020Problem20
  Set201.pdf
• Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• The study of speech sounds
• Articulatory or acoustic phonetics
• Speech sounds phones, segments
• Consonants and vowels

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Transcription
• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• Break away from spelling
• IPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Transcription
• Broad transcription
• Narrow transcription (uses diacritics)

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Sound classes
• Consonants, vowels and glides
• Sonorant
• Syllabic vs. nonsyllabic
• Glides

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Anatomy
• Parts of the body used for making speech (see
  video)
• Figure 2.1 page 19 ?
• The glottis - the space between the vocal folds
  (Figure 2.2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur
  (breathy)

Link for vocal fold video 1 2
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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Anatomy

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Consonant articulation
• See Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7)
• The tongue
• The oral tract and places of articulation
• say typical, sufficient
• Manners of articulation

places and manner of articulation video
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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Consonant articulation

palate (palatal)
velum (velar)
alveolar ridge
uvula (uvular)
lips (labial)
teeth (dental)
places and manner of articulation video
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Phonetics Slide
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Consonants
say typical stops sufficient fricatives
vary in place of articulation
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Phonetics Slide
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• Places of articulation (for English)
• Labial Dental Alveolar
  Palatal Velar

also Glottal
Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft Behind
top Mouth Palate Teeth
Bilabial Labiodental Alveopalatal Interdental
Postalveolar Palatoalveolar
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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonants

• Order of 3-part descriptive terms
• Voicing -- Place o Articulation -- Manner o
  Articulation

so d is a voiced alveolar stop
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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Consonants Order of 3-part descriptive terms
• Voicing -- Place o Articulation -- Manner o
  Articulation

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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• International Phonetic Alphabet
• Sound - symbol correspondence
• Transcription
• Download IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to
  computing in menu on bottom, then Fonts in
  cyberspace, then select SIL fonts, then SIL
  IPA93
• Go to Peter Ladefogeds website
• http//hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistic
  s/VowelsandConsonants/

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Phonetics Slide
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Consonants - Stops

• Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2)
• Complete obstruction in oral cavity
• Closure and then release

• Glottal stop
• 10 English stops

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8T3_Vpc44-0
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Phonetics Slide
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Consonants - Fricatives

• Narrowing in oral cavity
• Near closure - forcing air through small space -
  hissing
• Fricatives are continuous air through the mouth
  (continuants)
• 9 English fricatives

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Phonetics Slide
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• Delayed release of stop causing fricative after
• 2 English affricates

Consonants - Affricates
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Phonetics Slide
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Consonants - Sibilants/Stridents

• Louder type of fricative/affricate
• 6 English stridents

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Phonetics Slide
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• Laterals - air passes over sides of tongue
• rs - bunched up tongue or retroflex
• 2 English liquids - plus flap (See video)

Consonants Liquids and flap
Liquids
Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little
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Phonetics Slide
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• Almost no obstruction in oral cavity
• 2 English glides
• w is really labiovelar

Consonants - Glides
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Phonetics Slide
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PHONETICS - Chapter 2

• Consonants Order of 3-part descriptive terms
• Voicing -- Place o Articulation -- Manner o
  Articulation

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Phonetics Slide
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• English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)

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Phonetics Practice
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Practice - Transcribe the following words - all
of them have the vowel ej
1 game
2 faith
3 day
4 case
5 hate
6 waste
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Phonetics Practice
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Practice - Transcribe the following words - all
of them have the vowel ej
1 Jake
2 shape
3 beige
4 hang ?
5 change
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Phonetics Practice
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Exercise Examples
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Phonetics Slide
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• Syllabic nasals and liquids
• Voiceless liquids and glides after voiceless
  stops, no s- in front

Consonants - Other
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Phonetics Slide
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• Puff of air after initial voiceless stop
• Not after s-

Consonants - Aspiration
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Phonetics Practice
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Practice - Transcribe the following words in
narrow transcription - all of them have the
vowel ej
1 shave
2 taste
3 whale
4 clay
5 ladle
6 tray
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Phonetics Slide
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Vowels

• Different from consonants
• A lot more variation (different dialects)
• Vowels are in a continuous space and gradient
• Described by tongue height and backness
• Also by rounding and tense/lax
• Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms
• Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax
  -- Vowel

vowel videos
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Phonetics Slide
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vowel words
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Phonetics Practice
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Transcription (aspiration if you can)
1 boot
2 book
3 boat
4 bought
5 pot
6 putt
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Phonetics Practice
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Transcription
1 beat
2 bick
3 bait
4 bet
5 bat
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Phonetics Practice
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Transcription
1 dive
2 down
3 boy
4 about
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Phonetics Practice
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Transcription Aspiration if you can
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Phonetics Practice
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Broad Transcription
1 fast
2 loaf
3 cheese
4 made
5 baby
6 throw
7 should
8 fantastic
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Phonetics Practice
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Transcription
1 car
2 sir
3 horse
4 floor
5 cheer
6 there
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Phonetics Practice
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Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the
following words
1 craft
2 sigh
3 frog
4 paddle
5 loaf
6 through
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Phonetics Practice
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Practice - Transcribe the following words
syllabic nasals and liquids
1 oven
2 ice
3 voice
4 thunder
5 joint
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Phonetics Slide
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Suprasegmentals (prosody)

• pitch
• loudness
• length

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Phonetics Slide
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Pitch

• to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds
  (raise and lower Adams apple)
• Tone - meaningful differences signaled by
  different pitches
• Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances
  not related to differences in word meaning (but
  that do contain information)

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Phonetics Slide
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Tone

• register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong
  tones)
• contour tones - moving pitch on a word that
  signals different meanings of words (Chinese
  tones, Cantonese tones)

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Phonetics Slide
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Intonation

• Dont use that tone with me, young lady/man!
• Terminal contour
• Nonterminal contour
• High rising terminal contours - One time, at
  band camp
• Downdrift

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Phonetics Slide
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Length

• Geminate consonants in Italian
• Vowel length in Danish

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Phonetics Slide
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Stress

• More prominence - realized by length, pitch
  and/or loudness
• Always relative
• Primary and secondary
• Can be meaningful in English
• produce vs. produce - insult

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Phonetics Slide
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Speech Production

• Coarticulation - more than one articulator is
  active - please
• Articulatory processes - adjustments made during
  normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease
  of articulation)
• Assimilation
• Dissimilation
• Deletion
• Epenthesis
• Metathesis
• Vowel Reduction

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Assimilation - when the features or
  characteristics of one sound spread to another
  sound
• Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are
  together in sequence XY, then some characteristic
  of Y spreads to X (backwards).
• Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant -
  bed vs. Ben
• Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are
  together in sequence XY, then some characteristic
  of X spreads to Y (forward).
• Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same
  voicing as a nearby sound
• voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced
• devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound
  takes on the same place of articulation as a
  nearby sound
• Palatalization - making the place of
  articulation more palatal
• Also term used for changing alveolar sound to
  post-alveolar
• Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant
  changes depending on the place of articulation of
  the following consonant

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound
  takes on the same manner of articulation as a
  nearby sound
• Nasalization - making vowel nasalized
• Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop
  becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed
  and second is not) (Flaps are considered
  continuant so more vowel like)

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation

• Two sounds become less alike
• Rare process

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Deletion

• Process that removes a segment from certain
  phonetic contexts

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis

• Process that inserts a segment in certain
  phonetic contexts

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Metathesis

• Reordering of the sequence of segments

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction

• In unstressed syllables, vowels become more
  central
• Common reduced vowels in English

high central unrounded vowel
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Phonetics Slide
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• Articulatory processes - Reviewadjustments made
  during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease
  of articulation)
• Assimilation - regressive or progressive
• Of voicing - voicing or devoicing
• Place of articulation - palatalization,
  homorganic nasal assimilation
• Manner of articulation - nasalization, flapping
• Dissimilation - orange juice
• Deletion - fifs, husban
• Epenthesis - warmpth
• Metathesis - aks, pisghetti
• Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri

• Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced
  vowels

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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes

• What processes are involved?

ij i uw u
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Phonetics Slide
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Articulatory Processes

• To identify articulatory process involved, you
  need to look at differences between the starting
  (usually careful pronunciation) and ending
  pronunciation (normal speech)
• If a sound is missing
• If a sound has been added
• If the order of sounds has changed
• If a sound has changed
• Determine how the sound has changed (what
  phonetic property has changed voicing, place or
  manner of articulation)
• Compare this phonetic property to nearby sounds
• If the changed phonetic property matches nearby
  sounds
• If the changed phonetic property does not match
  nearby sounds

deletion
epenthesis
metathesis
assimilation
dissimilation
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Consonants!!!
3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!! 1.) Voicing
(left voiceless right voiced)
2.)Place of Articulation
3.) Manner of
Therefore d is a voiced alveolar stop
Remember this!!! note! (exclamation points are
great learning tools!)
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Vowels!!!
4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!
1.) High or Low
2.) Front or Back
3.)Rounded Or Unrounded
4.) Tense or Lax
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Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!! Learn to draw
it from memory in less than 1min! WOW!!!
No seriously, pay attention this is awesome
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1.) How big is it? 6 by 8
8
PLACES
6






MANNERS
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2.) Make up a story!
Your story could go here!
B L I A Ap P
V G
STORY1
p(eanut) b(utter) STORY 2 t(astes) d(elicious) k(ola) g(od) ?
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
S(top) F(ricking) A(round) N(ow) L(azy) G(uy)
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3.) Remember cell numbers Get it? Cell numbers
Ha ha ha! (how many symbols in each row/column?)
Like a phone number 5-227-4152
5 - 2 2 7 - 4
1 5 2
7
9
2
3
2
5
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1.) Remember the shape of the distribution (Wh
ere do the symbols exist)?
PLACES






MANNERS
Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and
office hours!!!
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Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)
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For next timeStart Ch 3 Phonology More
theoretical and difficult than Ch 2!