What Do I already know about Prehistoric Cultures?

1
Class Slides Set 33 The First Civilizations
Royal Mycenanean Death Mask
2
Chapter 17 The First Civilizations
Time line for Ch.17 The First Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
3
studying from the text
4
Chapter 17 The First Civilizations
Chapter 18 New World Civilizations
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
5
Time line for Chapter 17
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
6

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

7

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

8

• civilizations
• large-scale, complexly organized societies
  associated with urbanism and sociopolitical
  territories known as states . . .

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
9
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
10

• states
• sociopolitical entities (societies) that control
  defined territories
• civilizations

11
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
12
Teotihuacános (Teotihuacán)
Aztec
Bulldogs
Maya
Zapotec / Mixtec (Monte Albán)
Olmec
Inka
Chimu
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 405
13
Ten Classic Characteristics of Early
Civilization After V. Gordon Childe Man Makes
Himself (Rev. Ed). NY New American Library,
1951 What Happened in History. Baltimore
Pelican Books, 1957
14
Ten Classic Characteristics of Early
Civilization After V. Gordon Childe Man Makes
Himself (Rev. Ed). NY New American Library,
1951 What Happened in History. Baltimore
Pelican Books, 1957
15
Characteristics of a Civilization

• civilization is a culturally constructed adaptive
  mechanism
• by 5,500 y.a. in the Old World, Neolithic
  agricultural societies were transforming into
  civilizations
• (Ötzi the Iceman, ca. 5,300 y.a.)
• allows society to direct energies in utilizing
  resources

16
Characteristics of a Civilization

• civilizations support large populations
• large populations tens of thousands
• large populations are densely concentrated into a
  few permanent settlements

17
World population growth
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 365
18
Characteristics of a Civilization

• complex relationships among economic, social and
  administrative dimensions

19

• social stratification
• class structure or hierarchy, usually based on
  political, economic, or social standing

20
Characteristics of a Civilization

• class structure where most worked the land, a few
  were specialists, and an elite controlled the
  resources
• prescribed religions
• glorification of leaders

21
Characteristics of a Civilization

• monumental construction projects

22
Characteristics of a Civilization

• culturally distinctive forms of expression
• writing
• art
• architecture

23

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

24
Ten Classic Characteristics of Early
Civilization criticisms A. . . . Childes
recitation of material cultural inventions and
equipment somehow failed to capture this central
reality A civilization is more than the sum of
its parts.
25
Ten Classic Characteristics of Early
Civilization B. . . . Childes trait list was
not universally applicable. Though
characterizing the Near-Eastern civilizations
with which he was most familiar, it did not
describe American Indian societies such as the
Maya and the Inka, which were clearly
civilizations, but had no use of sailing boats,
animal traction, wheeled carts, and so on.
26
Ten Classic Characteristics of Early
Civilization B. . . . Childes trait list was
not universally applicable. Though
characterizing the Near-Eastern civilizations
with which he was most familiar, it did not
describe American Indian societies such as the
Maya and the Inka, which were clearly
civilizations, but had no use of sailing boats,
animal traction, wheeled carts, and so on.
27
Environmental Factors in the Development of Early
Civilization
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 382
28
Kwang-chih Changs View of Cultural Factors in
the Development of Early Civilization
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 385
29
Qualities Shared by All Civilizations

• According to anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn
  civilizations are societies having
• permanent towns with at least 5,000 residents
• record keeping
• monumental ceremonial architecture

30
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Functionalists
• civilizations emerged in response to a pressing
  social need
• Systems Approach
• there is no single factor that propels cites to
  civilization -- there are many factors

31
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Functionalists
• civilizations emerged in response to a pressing
  social need
• Systems Approach
• there is no single factor that propels cites to
  civilization -- there are many factors

32
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Functionalists
• irrigation
• Karl Wittfogels hydraulic theory
• rapid population growth
• need to increase crop yields
• warfare
• religion, or the vision of a theocratic leader
• need for a new social order to legitimize and
  protect the differential access to resources and
  wealth by a self-interested elite

33
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Functionalists
• civilizations emerged in response to a pressing
  social need
• Systems Approach
• there is no single factor that propels cites to
  civilization -- there are many factors

34
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Systems Approach
• most anthropologists favor multivariate
  explanations which involve more than one factor
  or variable

35
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Systems Approach
• even the simplest cultural systems are composed
  of interrelated components
• technology
• subsistence economy
• social organization
• beliefs and symbolic expression
• communication and exchange with other groups

36
Why Did Civilizations Form?

• Change in the status quo, whether provoked
  internally (e.g., a new technological invention)
  or externally (e.g., a long drought or a war),
  requires a response from one or more of these
  components and thus stimulates a dynamic
  readjustment in all their interrelationships.

37

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

38
Characteristics of Cities

• sizable populations
• social complexity
• formal organization

39
Characteristics of Cities

• concentration of specialized, nonagricultural
  roles
• nucleus where production, trade, religion and
  administrative activities converge

40

• city-states
• autonomous sociopolitical units comprising an
  urban center and supporting territory

41

• tells
• mounds of accumulated rubble representing the
  site of an ancient city

A small tell in the Jordan River valley.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 456.
42

• tells
• mounds of accumulated rubble representing the
  site of an ancient city

A cross section through a tell at Harappa,
Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., cf. p. 380.
43

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

44

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

45
Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants
rice 7,000 ybp
maize 4,500 ybp
wheat 10,500 ybp
millet 4,000 ybp
manioc 4,200 ybp
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 417.
46
Origin and Approximate Dates of Domestication for
Selected Plants and Animals
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 417
47

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

48

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Jericho, Palestine
• Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey
• Jarmo, Iraq
• Ali Kosh, Iran

49

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Jericho, Palestine
• Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey
• Jarmo, Iraq
• Ali Kosh, Iran

50
Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 423
51
Lorenzo Ghiberti's 15th Century visualization of
the attack on the walls of Jericho
www.howardbloom.net/jericho.htm
52
Map of Jericho in 14th century Farhi Bible
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho
53
This Labyrinth from the Farhi Bible (ca. 1325)
represents the City of Jericho its seven ring
walls and a locked gate.
www.farhi.org/bible.htm
54
The site of ancient Jericho (Tell es-Sultan)
occupies a well-watered location in an oasis at
the base of the Judean hills on the edge of the
rift valley, some 10 km north of the Dead Sea.
The site has been continuously occupied by
sedentary populations for more than 10,000 years,
throughout the Holocene.
www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/OriginsFarming/Farmi
ng.php
55
http//black99jack.net/history3.htm
56
www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/OriginsFarming/Farmi
ng.php
57
Dwelling foundations unearthed at Tell es-Sultan
in Jericho
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho
58
Jericho
http//faculty.smu.edu/dbinder/jericho.html
59
Jericho
http//ancientneareast.tripod.com/Jericho_Tell_Sul
tan.html
60
Modern excavations of the walls of Jericho
www.howardbloom.net/jericho.htm
61
The volcanic mountains of Cappadocia supplied
obsidian to a large area of the Fertile Crescent,
and Cyprus...
www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/OriginsFarming/Farmi
ng.php
62
More on this in the video "Wisdom of the Stones
Life in the Neolithic Age"
www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/OriginsFarming/Farmi
ng.php
63
Important Near Eastern Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 350
64
The Most Significant Archaeological Sites
Discussed in Ch. 14 (a)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 370
65
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
66
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
67
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
68

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Jericho, Palestine
• Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey
• Jarmo, Iraq
• Ali Kosh, Iran

69

• Çatalhöyük
• early Neolithic community in southern Anatolia,
  or Turkey

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 375
70
Sites associated with early civilizations in
Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 378
71
Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 423
72
More on Çatal Hüyük in the video "Wisdom of the
Stones Life in the Neolithic Age"
Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 423
73
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
74
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
75
Çatalhöyük www.catalhoyuk.com/
76
Excavations at the South Area of
Çatalhöyük http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C387ata
lhC3B6yC3BCk /
77
Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, or Turkey
Shane, Orrin C. III, and Mine Küçuk. "The
World's First City." Archaeology 51.2 (1998)
43-47.
78
Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, or Turkey www.ccny.cuny.edu
/architecture/archprog/slide-232/pages/00220Catal
20Huyuk20Map.htm
79
Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, or Turkey www.ccny.cuny.edu
/architecture/archprog/slide-232/pages/00120Catal
20Huyuk.htm
80
Wild bull horns on pillars in Building 77
Çatalhöyük www.catalhoyuk.com/
81
Mural of an aurochs, a deer, and humans
from Çatalhöyük sixth millennium
B.C. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C387atalhC3
B6yC3BCk /
82

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Specialized production of goods, and development
  of systems of distribution and exchange of goods
• economic system allows individuals to devote full
  time to certain occupations
• specialization

83
Stamp seals
Çatalhöyük www.catalhoyuk.com/
84
Pottery found at Çatalhöyük sixth millennium
B.C. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C387atalhC3
B6yC3BCk /
85
Two women, connected back to back. One holds an
adult, the other a child.
www.si.edu/scmre/learning/obsidian_trade.htm
86
economic system allows individuals to devote full
time to occupations like . . .
pottery making
Classic Maya cylindrical jar with bird motif and
glyphs, 9th p. 411
87
economic system allows individuals to devote full
time to occupations like . . .
basket making
Prehistoric basketry techniques (Jean Connor)
88
economic system allows individuals to devote full
time to occupations like . . .
metalworking
Mycenaean Royal death mask of hammered gold, p.
472.
89

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Specialization and exchange expanded beyond the
  city
• far-reaching trade developed

Trading centers of obsidian
90
www.si.edu/mci/english/research/past_projects/obsi
dian_trade.html
91
Uruk trade network
www.freebuck.com/articles/elliott/00elliottfoundat
ions.htm
92
www.telesterion.com/catal2.htm
93
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377.
94
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377.
95

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Jericho, Palestine
• Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey
• Jarmo, Iraq
• Ali Kosh, Iran

96
Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 423
97
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
98
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
99
Jarmo, Iraq
100
www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east
/jarmosite.html
101
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377.
102

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Jericho, Palestine
• Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey
• Jarmo, Iraq
• Ali Kosh, Iran

103
Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 423
104
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
105
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
106
100
100
100
seriation
100
Pottery types from Deh Luran, Iran. Hole,
Flannery and Neely, Prehistory and Human
Ecology Of the Deh Luran Plain An Early Village
Sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. Ann Arbor 1969,
fig. 69.
107
100
seriation
Pottery types from Deh Luran, Iran. Hole,
Flannery and Neely, Prehistory and Human
Ecology Of the Deh Luran Plain An Early Village
Sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. Ann Arbor 1969,
fig. 69.
108
Mycenaean
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
109
Mycenaean
Mesopotamia
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
110

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

111

• Mesopotamia
• land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,
  mostly included in modern-day Iraq

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 378
112

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Ubaid
• Sumarians (Sumer)

113

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Ubaid
• Sumarians (Sumer)

114
Sites associated with early civilizations in
Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 378
115

• Ubaid
• early formative culture of Mesopotamia,
• 7,500-6,200 y.a.
• predecessor to Sumerian civilization

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 375
116
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
117
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
118

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

• Ubaid
• Sumarians (Sumer)

119
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
120
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• included about a dozen large city-states in the
  Tigris-Euphrates valley

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 378
121
Sites associated with early civilizations in
Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 378
122

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Well-structured political organization, with
  membership based on residence, replaces political
  identification based on kinship

Machu Picchu, Peru, 9th ed.
p. 425
123
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• economically dependent irrigation agriculture and
  specialized craft production
• among the first to refine metals to make bronze
  alloys

124
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• architecture included the arch and the dome

125
true arch
has a capstone
126
(No Transcript)
127
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• each city included a sacred district, dominated
  by a temple

128

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Construction of monumental public works

Reconstructed lower stage of the late Sumerian
ziggurat at Ur, Iraq Understanding Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed. , p. 388
129

• ziggurat
• late Sumerian mud-brick temple-pyramid

Reconstructed lower stage of the late Sumerian
ziggurat at Ur, Iraq Understanding Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed. , p. 388
130
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)
SPC. Deb Fideldy for the News Tribune Duluth News
Tribune, Sunday, 03 December 2006, p. A7
131
Important Near Eastern Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 387
132
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• literature includes many of the traditions
  subsequently included in the Old Testament

133
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• other innovations included
• wheeled carts
• draft animals
• plows
• sailing boats

134
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• used a counting system based on multiples of 6

135

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Arithmetic, geometry and astronomy develop as
  rational thinking techniques

136

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Writing develops
• initially to facilitate state organization and
  management

137
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• other innovations included
• writing

138
In many parts of the world prehistoric
times become historic times with the appearance
of writing
139
In many parts of the world prehistoric
times become historic times with the appearance
of writing
140
In many parts of the world prehistoric
times become historic times with the appearance
of writing
Major area focus shifts to looking at various
regions of the world
141
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
142

• cuneiform
• wedge-shaped writing of ancient Mesopotamia

4,000-year-old tax receiptwith Cuneiform
impressions on both sides
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 389
143
4,000-year-old tax receiptwith Cuneiform
impressions on both sides
144

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Social means of collecting surplus production

Small Sumerian clay table is a
4,000-year-old tax receipt with cuneiform
impressions on both sides Understanding Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed. , p. 389
145
Sumerians (4,900 - 4,350 y.a.)

• system of law became a basis for later legal
  codes

146
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
147
Hammurabi receives the code of laws
http//images.google.com/hosted/images/LIFE_logo.p
ng
148
Code of Hammurabi (Codex Hammurabi )
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi
149
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi
150

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

151
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egypt
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
152
Egypt
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p.378
153
Egypt
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p.378
154
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
155
Egypt

• the Old Kingdom times (4,575 - 4,150 y.a.) marked
  the beginning of Nile valley civilization
• the merger of Nile valley societies under one
  king created the world's first nation state
• the pharaoh was the supreme power of societies

156
Egypt

• the Old Kingdom times (4,575 - 4,150 y.a.) marked
  the beginning of Nile valley civilization
• the merger of Nile valley societies under one
  king created the world's first nation state
• the pharaoh was the supreme power of societies

157
Egypt

• the Old Kingdom times (4,575 - 4,150 y.a.) marked
  the beginning of Nile valley civilization
• the merger of Nile valley societies under one
  king created the world's first nation state
• the pharaoh was the supreme power of societies

158
Egypt

• the Old Kingdom times (4,575 - 4,150 y.a.) marked
  the beginning of Nile valley civilization
• the merger of Nile valley societies under one
  king created the world's first nation state
• the pharaoh was the supreme power of societies

159

• pharaoh
• title of the king or ruler of ancient Egypt

160

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• A privileged ruling class of religious,
  political, and military leaders organizes and
  directs the entire system

Hieroglyphic inscription of a royal Egyptian
hunting marsh birds from a papyrus boat, 9th ed.
p. 393.
King Tut
161

• Tutankhamen, King Tut
• Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom period, who
  died at age 19 in 1323 B.C.

162
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
163
16 February 1923
www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071
104/king_tut_071104/20071104?hubCTVNewsAt11
164
30 September 2002
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2288952.
stm
165
4 November 2007
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7077423.
stm
166
4 November 2007
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7077423.
stm
167
Panel from the backof the golden throneof King
Tut
www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/tutankhamu
n_gallery_02.shtml
168

• faience
• glassy material, usually of blue-green color,
  shaped into beads, amulets, and figurines by
  ancient Egyptians

Today these beads are made in the holy city of
Qom in Iran. This particular blue was very
popular in Egypt. Faience beads were made in
Pharaonic Egypt ca. 1700-1200 B.C.
www.uniquebeads.com.au/cgi-bin/beads.cgi?productp
age2pid333
169
Egyptian Faience Amulet of Sekhmet
Enthroned ca. 6th Century B.C. to 4th Century
B.C. (5.1cm) high Style Late Dynastic
Period
http//miniaturesinancientart.com/EgyptianFaienceA
muletofSekhmetEnthronedX0132.html
170

• amber
• fossil pine pitch or resin,
• long valued for jewelry or offerings

amber lotus Amber jewelry has been found in
Egypt from as far back as 2,600 B.C.
www.aeraweb.org/artifacts.asp
171
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7546041.stm
/
172
http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/08090
2143322.htm
173
the picture-writing of ancient Egypt
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
174

• Egyptian in form but Mesopotamian inspired
• combines signs that represent ideas with others
  indicating sounds
• used primarily in formal contexts

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
175
Hieroglyphics

• the picture-writing of ancient Egypt

Royal Egyptian Hunting marsh birds from a papyrus
boat
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p 463
176
Egypt Hieroglyphics

• the discovery of the Rosetta stone which had an
  identical decree in Greek and hieroglyphics
  helped decipher the script

177
Important Egyptian Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8h Ed., p. 392
178
The Rosetta Stone, as displayed in the British
Museum in the nineteenth century
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., cf. p. 463
179
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
180

• built to honor royalty by Egyptian farmers during
  the months when Nile floodwaters covered the
  fields
• Khufu's Great Pyramid is 765 feet square and 479
  feet high with 2.3 million massive limestone
  blocks
• sloping sides signified pathways to the sacred Sun

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
181
Egyptian Old Kingdom pyramid and Sphinx at Giza
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 462
182
Important Egyptian Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8h Ed., p. 392
183
Ancient archaeological monuments inspire modern
imitations, Like this hotel and casino complex in
Las Vegas, Nevada
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 462
184

• Decorated predynastic pottery jar,
• Nile valley,
• Egypt

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 461.
185
Important Egyptian Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8h Ed., p. 392
186

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

187
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
188

• Indus Valley, Pakistan

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 395
189
The Indus Valley

• located on the banks of the Indus and its
  tributaries in present-day Pakistan and India
• supported five urban centers with populations in
  the tens of thousands for 7 centuries

190
Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants
maize 4,500 ybp
rice 7,000 ybp
wheat 10,500 ybp
millet 4,000 ybp
manioc 4,200 ybp
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 417.
191
Origin and Approximate Dates of Domestication for
Selected Plants and Animals
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 417
192
Chapter 16, Food ProductionA Biocultural
Revolution

• Asian Farmers
• Mehrgarh

193
Indus Valley, Pakistan
Early Farming in Asia
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352
194

• One of the earliest Neolithic settlements of
  southern Asia, Pakistan
• includes one of the earliest examples of
  dentistry

Early Farming in Asia
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352
195
5,000-year-old figurine from Mehrgarh
Department of Archaeology and Museums, Pakistan
196
Important Asian Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 353
197
The Most Significant Archaeological Sites
Discussed in Ch. 14 (a)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 370
198
Mehrgarh
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
199
Mohenjo-Daro
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
200
Indus Valley, Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 395
201

• Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley, Pakistan

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 397
202
The Indus Valley

• many dwellings had indoor toilets and baths

203

• Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley, Pakistan

Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
www.harappa.com/indus/8.html
204
Important Asian Sites and Regions
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 397
205
Indus Valley, Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 395
206
Harappa
writing
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
207

• writing system consisted of brief pictographic
  notations found on seal stones and pottery
• writing is still undeciphered

Harappa
writing
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
208
Harappan seals
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_script
209
Harappan seals
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_script
210

• Harappa, Indus Valley, Pakistan

Bull Seal, Harappa
www.harappa.com/indus/27.html
211
Harappan seals
www.exoticindiaart.com/article/formsofshiva/
212
Harappan seals
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageIndusValle
ySeals.JPG
213

• tell
• mound of accumulated rubble representing the site
  of an ancient city

A cross section through a tell at Harappa,
Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 380
214

• Harappa, Indus Valley, Pakistan

Granary of Harappa
215
Excavated base of an outdoor baking oven from
Indus valley civilization, Lothal, India
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 396
216
The Indus Valley

• after little more than half a millennium, major
  cities were virtually abandoned
• in the end, the river gradually reclaimed the
  surrounding fields and the city sites

217

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

218
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
219
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
220

• Centers of early Chinese civilization

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 398
221
Shang

• China's first civilization
• society included peasant farmers, an elite and
  powerful ruling class, specialized crafters and
  slaves
• artisans created remarkable bronze works
  decorated with animal motifs and worshipful
  inscriptions

222
Shang Rulers

• Power and actions were prescribed through the
  rite of divination
• a question was inscribed on specially prepared
  bone
• heat was applied so cracks appeared
• the answer to the question could be "read

223

• Bronze Age
• period of early Old World civilizations
  associated with the widespread use of metal tools
  after 5,500 y.a.

Cast bronze ritual vessel of the Shang dynasty,
China
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p 468
224

• Zhou
• Chinese dynasty that followed Shang and ruled
  between 1122 and 221 B.C.

225

• Erlitou

226

• elaborate site in northern China associated with
  the earliest phase of civilization

• Erlitou

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
227

• Centers of early Chinese civilization

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 398
228

• Xia
• semi legendary kingdom or dynasty of early China

229

• Centers of early Chinese civilization

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 398
230
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
231

• Shi Huangdi, first emperor of China
• (d. 2,200 y.a.)

Some of the 8,000 clay life-size warriors in the
tomb of Shi Huangdi
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 469
232

• Section of the Great Wall of China

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 469.
233

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

234

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

235
Malta
Early Neolithic Sites of Europe
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 354
236

• Malta

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 427.
237
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
238
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
239
Malta
Mnjandra Neolithic Temple
Video "Wisdom of the Stones Life in the
Neolithic Age (The Oldest Buildings in Europe
are found in Malta)
240
Malta
Hagar Qim
241
Malta
Also note information on Malta in the
video "Wisdom of the Stones Life in the
Neolithic Age (The Oldest Buildings in Europe
are found in Malta)
242

• Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Highly developed art forms begin
• people symbolically identify with art forms

Mother Goddess Hagar Qim, Malta
243

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

244
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
245

• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

Mycenaean kingdoms
Minoan Crete
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 470
246

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

247
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
248
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
249
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
250
Minoan Crete
Minoan Crete
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 470
251
Minoan Crete
The Minoan culture flourished from approximately
2700 to 1450 B.C.
Minoan Crete
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 470
252
Minoan Crete
Knossos, Crete
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 470
253
Minoan Crete
Reconstruction of a Minoan palace room with
frescoed walls, Knossos.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., pp. 450, 471
254

• Minoan snake goddess figurine,
• Knossos,
• Crete

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 471
255

• Minoan bull-jumping ceremony, on palace wall,
  Knossos, Crete

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 472
256

• Considering Civilization
• Why Did Civilizations Form?
• Cities and Civilizations
• Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
• Near Eastern Farmers
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• The Indus Valley
• Northern China
• The Mediterranean Realm
• Malta
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

257
Mycenaean
Sumerian
Shang
Minoan
Indus Valley civilizations
Egyptian
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., pp. 376 - 377
258
Mycenaean Greece
Mycenaean kingdoms
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 470
259
Mycenaean Greece
The Mycenaean civilization flourished between
1600 B.C and ca. 1100 B.C.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 470
260
Time line for Ch.16 "Food Production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 410
261
Time line for Chapter 17 The First
Civilizations
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
262
Mycenaeans

• Migrated from their Anatolian homelands about
  4,200 y.a.
• Incorporated Minoan
• economic system
• record keeping
• artistic achievements
• technical achievements

263
Mycenaean Greece

• about 3,200 y.a.
• principal Mycenaean cities were destroyed
• populations dispersed
• trade routes abandoned

264

• megarons
• fortified palaces of Mycenaean kings

265

• megaron

Mycenaean Palace at Pylos
http//academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classic/wilson/c
ore/megaron.htm
266

• Royal death mask of hammered gold from a
  Mycenaean shaft grave, Mycenae, Greece

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 472
267
Mycenaean Bronze Age axe, or winged palstave
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 473
268

• diffusion
• the spread of something from one group to another
  through contact or exchange

Early farming in the Americas, showing the
spread of maize agriculture (purple).
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, cf. 9th Ed., p. 358
269
The First Time Chart for Prehistoric Europe (Af
ter Sophus Müller, 1905) From Alfred Louis
Kroeber, Anthropology. NY Harcourt, Brace
World, 1948, p. 703.
22 November 2002