Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 (Manchu or Manchurian) 7

1
Qing Dynasty1644-1911(Manchu or Manchurian)7
2
Ming Collapse1664 CE

• Invading Manchu armies are resisted
• by Chinese forces for a while
• Chinese general decides to switch sides and
  allies with Manchu forces, surrendering all of
  Northern China
• Alternating explanations
• Emperor had violated the Generals wife
• Emperor ordered generals family killed,
  mistakenly believing the general was disloyal,
  and this drove the general to betrayal

3
New Manchurian Dynasty

• Manchu General enters Beijing and never leaves
• Declares himself Emperor
• Qing Dynasty Established
• 1664 CE
• Manchu Dynasty

4
Qing Dynasty

• Emphasize Manchu
• Superiority
• Racial Purity
• Reserve Manchu homeland for Manchurians only
• No intermarriage
• All Chinese men must wear the Manchurian hair
  style que

5
Qing DynastyBecoming Chinese

• Adopt Confucian governance
• Promote Confucian scholarship
• Build national library of history and philosophy
• Create encyclopedia of Confucian thought and
  Chinese history

6
Qing and the West

• Maintain close ties with Jesuits
• Dominicans and Franciscans enter China _at_1700 CE

7
Qing and the West

• Dominicans and Franciscans
• Different from Jesuits
• Less scholarly
• More orthodox
• Focus on converting the masses
• Intolerant of uncivilized Chinese
• Ancestor Veneration IS ancestor worship and is a
  heresy, violating the First Two Commandments

8
Catholic Christianity in China 1700s

• Animosity
• Jesuits VS Dominicans and Franciscans
• Root problems
• Fundamentally different approach to religion
• Power struggle
• Symptoms
• Ancestor Veneration issue
• Translation of God into Chinese Characters

9
Catholic Christianity in China 1700s

• God character???
• Jesuits prefer one Character
• Dominicans and Franciscans pick another
• Jesuits appeal to Emperor win at court
• Dominicans and Franciscans appeal to the Pope
  win in the Vatican

10
Catholic Christianity in China 1700s

• Emperor incensed that a barbarian king (Pope)
  should presume to interfere in an issue of
  Chinese language
• Pope incensed that an uncivilized king (Chinese
  Emperor) would presume to meddle in the sacred
  business of Gods Church

11
British East India Company Tea and Opium

• British East India Company
• Monopoly trading rights to India Colonial rule
• Extended to China
• Chinese Merchant Guild
• Hong Merchant houses
• Only 8 licensed to trade with foreigners

12
British East India Company Tea and Opium

• Mercantilism
• Trade theory that focuses on earning gold or
  silver
• Must export more than import

13
British East India Company Tea and Opium

• Tea trade
• Tea demand in England explodes
• Trade with China is imbalanced
• Tea trade is net drain in Silver
• Opium from Afghanistan (then part of British
  India) sold to China to prevent the outflow of
  silver from Britain

14
British East India Company Tea and Opium

• Opium
• Not new to China
• Expensive drug for wealthy elderly
• Adam Smith writes The Wealth of Nations
• English trade policy changes
• No more monopoly (no more East India Company)
• New competitive trading companies increase supply
  of Opium and reduce price

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British East India Company Tea and Opium

• New opium supply is plentiful and cheap
• China suffers a drug problem
• Creates a special post to deal with drug problem

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Opium War

• Chinese appeal to Britain
• Request the Queen stop the opium trade
• British government does not reply
• China searches British ships
• Throw opium cargo into the ocean

17
Opium War

• British declare war
• First Opium War 1839 1842
• British Win
• Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842
• First Unequal treaty

18
Treaty of Nanking 1842

• Unequal Treaty
• Extraterritoriality
• British get special legal status
• Only answer to British Law, even when in China
• Most Favored Nation
• The me too clause
• Open Ports
• Open Trade
• Tariffs controlled by treaty, not by China

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Treaty of Nanking

• Unequal Treaty
• British Citizens free to travel
• Free to preach too
• Protestant Christianity Enters China

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Protestants in China

• Gunboat mission work
• Missions enter through treaty
• Perceived as connected to British military might
• Forced on China
• Would such missionaries appeal to you?

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Protestants in China

• Nevius Method
• Mission work through service
• Hospitals, schools, etc.
• Focus on women and the poor
• Build independent churches with native pastors
  and local seminaries

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Protestants in China

• Protestant and Catholic Missions increase
  dramatically
• Contributions
• Schools for commoners and girls
• Translate major works, starting with the Bible
  into vernacular Chinese
• Starts a whole new accessible literature
• Introduce Western science and technology
• Introduce Western concept of democratic
  governance

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Protestants in China

• Complications
• Gunboat mission work again?
• Perception of imperialism
• Foreign Devils and their bizarre religions
• Do-Good-er missionaries meet female infanticide /
  abandonment
• Orphanages
• Finders fee
• Rumors and suspicions
• Violence against missions

24
Qing Stagnation

• Qing Dynasty in the 1800s At the end of dynastic
  decline
• Factionalism
• Corruption
• Stagnation
• Disorder
• Still the Barbarian Manchu Dynasty

25
Qing Stagnation

• Middle Kingdom syndrome they didnt need to
  change
• Could not conceive of any real threat
• Landed Gentry held all the real power
• Gentry are ALWAYS conservative, resist change
• Militarily and economically behind

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Taiping Rebellion1850-1864

• Taiping Rebellion. 1850-64.
• Taiping Tianguo Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.
• Hong Xiuchuan Charismatic Leader
• Christian Inspired
• Younger Brother of Jesus
• Communal living
• Chastity
• Gender Equality

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Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864

• Massive movement
• Anti foreign anti Manchu
• Qing unable to repress
• Qing call on British for help
• British put it down
• Demand reparations
• Great Novel Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by
  Katherine Paterson

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1860s Retrench or Reform?

• Some reform efforts as people recognize
• Need to modernize
• Need to improve technology
• Need to reform and revitalize government
• Resisted by entrenched interests
• Imperial Court
• Confucian Officials
• Gentry powerful families/clans

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Empress DowagerCixi rules 1861-1898

• Royal concubine whose son becomes emperor at age
  5 (first wife had no sons)
• Rules as regent over her son
• Staunchly conservative, traditional and backward-
  looking dictator

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Cixi The Empress Dowager

• Child Emperor follows path of debauchery
• Alcohol and drugs
• Prostitutes both female and male
• Debilitated by dependency
• Died at 19 of combination of small pox and VD
• Cixi generally believed to have encouraged
  debauchery to keep him from challenging her power

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Cixi The Empress Dowager

• Empress characterized as
• Dictatorial
• Vicious
• Reactionary
• Names 4-year old nephew as new emperor
• Continues as regent
• Both co-regents die ?

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Cixi The Empress Dowager

• Drained Navys renovation funds to build new
  summer palace complete with a marble boat

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Cixi The Empress Dowager

• Retires to Summer Palace in 1898
• Emperor (nephew) adopts some reforms
• Rail roads, telegraphs, etc.
• 100 Days Reform in 1898
• Government and Economic reforms begin
• Cixi returns from retirement
• Imprisons emperor on an island in a lake inside
  the forbidden city
• Halts reforms
• Purges and has reformers slaughtered

34
Cixi The Empress Dowager

• 1898
• Cixi, from her deathbed, orders emperor (nephew)
  poisoned
• He dies and she follows within a day
• China left with another 4-year-old emperor
• Movie recommendation
• The Last Emperor (1987)
• tells the story of this
• little boy emperors life.

35
Back to 1800s

• 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War
• Trouble in Korea involves China and Japan in war
• Japan wins easily
• Japan demands reparations
• Unequal Treaty

36
Sino-Japanese War

• Japan takes Taiwan and Liaodung Peninsula
• China humiliated
• Triple intervention
• France, Russia and Germany
• Germany gets Liaodung Peninsula
• Japan humiliated

37
Boxer Rebellion 1898

• Millenarian Movement
• Restore China to the Chinese
• Martial Arts
• (Shadow Boxing) could
• make them powerful and
• invulnerable to bullets even.
• Deeply anti-foreign.
• Telegraphs, steam engines, etc. were offending
  local gods and feng shui
• Killed Missionaries and Chinese Christians
• Anti Manchu

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Boxer Rebellion 1898

• Foreign Powers enter to stop Boxers
• Tremendous violence
• Vengance on Chinese, not just Boxers
• Reparations demanded
• Britain demands Hong Kong
• 99 year lease

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Russo-Japanese War1904-1905

• Japan defeats Russia
• Leaves Northern China under Japanese influence
• Expands Japans power
• Japanese imperialism expands at Chinas expense,
  especially in Manchuria

40
Sun Yat-sen Chinese Modernization Nationalism

• Qing Dynasty largely disintegrates after boxer
  Rebellion and Russo-Japanese war.
• Chinese in exile plan Chinas revival
  Especially
• Sun Yat-sen in France

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Sun Yat-sen

• Chinese Nationalist
• Studies Marxism in France
• 3 Peoples Principles
• Peoples Nationalism
• Peoples Democracy
• 3 branches like US with Checks and Balances
• Censorate (undercover investigator)
• Examination system
• Peoples Livelihood
• Land Reform
• Emphasize collective nature of an economy
• Not really either capitalist or Socialist vague

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Qing Collapse 1911

• Qing Dynasty ends officially in 1911
• Young emperor survives
• No single leader or government
• Warlord factionalism
• 1920s Communists and Nationalists emerge to
  contest leadership
• Both claim Sun Yat-sen as the father of their
  movement.
• Sun survives until 1925 but never really rules
  china