The Qing Dynasty - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Qing Dynasty

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The Chinese Revolution of 1911 Chinese students worked to overthrow the Qing after the Boxer Rebellion. Revolutionary Alliance was led by Western educated Sun Yat ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Qing Dynasty


1
The Qing Dynasty
  • Chinese censorship

2
The Manchu create the Qing Dynasty 1650
  • The Manchu elite adopted Chinese ways in
    bureaucracy and court ceremonies.
  • The Qing dynasty ruled an area larger than any
    previous dynasty had (except the Tang).

3
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4
Manchu Rule
  • Retained much of the political system of the
    Ming, but assumed a more direct role in
    appointing local officials, and reduced their tax
    exemptions.
  • Chinese and Manchu officials were paired at the
    highest posts.
  • The examination system continued.
  • The rulers were generous patrons of the arts and
    employed scholars to compile great encyclopaedias
    of Chinese learning.

5
Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule
  • Maintained the social system of the Ming.
  • Rank and the acceptance of hierarchy were
    emphasized.
  • Extended family remained the core unit among the
    elite.
  • Women continued to be subservient to men.
  • Their lives centered on the household.
  • Daughters were less wanted than sons.
  • female infanticide rose.
  • Lower-class women continued to work in fields and
    markets.

6
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7
Economy in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule
  • Attempted to alleviate rural distress and unrest
  • Decreasing tax and labor burdens
  • Repairing roads, dikes, and irrigation systems
  • Limiting land accumulation by the elite.
  • Population growth and the lack of available land
    limited the success of this reform.
  • Landlords increased their holdings and widened
    the gap between rural classes.

8
Economy
  • Commercial and urban expansion increased during
    the first century of Manchu rule.
  • The influx of silver in payment for exports
    created a favorable balance of payments.
  • European traders came to Canton, and Chinese
    merchants traveled overseas.
  • A new group of merchants, the compradors, who
    specialized in the import-export trade were a
    major link between China and the outside world.
  • Population quadrupled to approx.
    420,000,000. why?

9
Qing Decline
  • The exam system was riddled by cheating and
    favoritism.
  • Positions in government service were seen as a
    method of gaining influence and building family
    fortunes.
  • Revenue loss weakened the military and dikes
    deteriorated along the Yellow River.
  • By the middle of the19th century, flooding left
    millions of peasants without resources.

10
Qing Decline
  • Banditry increased.
  • The existing Chinese social and economic systems
    couldnt cope with the changes stemming from the
    greatly increased population resulting from the
    introduction of American crops.

11
The Opium War Causes
  • The Manchu continued to treat Europeans as
    barbarians
  • Advances by Europeans in science and industry
    made them serious rivals to the empire.
  • British had lacked commodities to exchange for
    Chinese goods.
  • The importation of opium from India into China,
    reversed the trade balance in their (British)
    favor.

12
The Opium War Causes
  • Chinese saw the trade as a threat to their
    economy and social order.
  • Silver left the country.
  • Opium addiction became rampant.
  • Initial government efforts to check the problem
    failed.

13
Immediate Cause of the Opium War
  • In 1830s, an important official, Lin Zexu, was
    appointed to end the trade at Canton.
  • European trading areas were blockaded and opium
    destroyed.
  • British merchants demanded and received British
    military intervention.

14
The Opium War 1839-1842
  • Chinese technology had fallen far behind the
    British as a result of industrialization.
  • Chinese were defeated on sea and land and sued
    for peace.

15
Treaty of Nanjing 1842
  • First in a a series of unequal treaties.
  • Awarded Hong Kong to the British
  • Opened more ports to European trade and
    residence.
  • Won the right to extraterritoriality.

16
Legacy of the Treaty
  • By the 1890s, 90 ports were open and foreigners
    had gained long-term leases over ports and
    surrounding territory.
  • Opium continued to pour into China.
  • By mid-century, British officials managed Chinas
    foreign trade and customs, and the court had to
    accept European ambassadors.

17
The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1865
  • European incursions spawned a massive rebellion
    in southern China.
  • Led by cult leader Hong Xiuquan
    (shee-OH-chew-ahn) who wished to create a
    Heavenly Kingdom of Peace.
  • Rebels offered called for social reform, land
    redistribution, and liberation of women.
  • Traditional Chinese elite were attacked.
  • Aristocracy rallied to the Qing and helped crush
    the rebellion.
  • Western powers, fearing a the establishment of a
    newer, stronger dynasty, aided the Qing.
  • 12 years of war and 20 million deaths weakened
    China, and gave foreign nations a stronger
    footing.

18
The Self-Strengthening Movement
  • Led by provincial leaders.
  • Aimed at countering the challenge of the West.
  • Encouraged foreign investment in infrastructure
    and military modernization.
  • Wanted only to preserve the existing order, not
    to transform it.
  • The Manchu and the scholar-gentry resisted reform
    and opposed the movement.
  • Empress Cixi (zoo shee) she crushed a serious
    reform effort in 1898.

19
Spheres of Influence European Imperialism in
China
  • In late 19th century, European states began to
    negotiate directly with local leaders for
    exclusive trading rights.
  • Railroad and mining privileges
  • Trade monopolies

20
The Boxer Rebellion 1900
  • Cixi encouraged rebellion of secret society
    against foreigners.
  • Members of the Daoist-martial arts society known
    as the Righteous Fists of Harmony attacked
    foreign quarters in Beijing.
  • International force, including
    Japan and the
    United States,
    crushed the rebellion

    and forced Qing to
    pay
    indemnity.

21
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22
The Chinese Revolution of 1911
  • Chinese students worked to overthrow the Qing
    after the Boxer Rebellion.
  • Revolutionary Alliance was led by Western
    educated Sun Yat-sen (Yixian)?
  • Sun's goals were outline in his Three Principles
    of the People.

23
Three Principles of the People
  • Nationalism self-determination for China
  • Democracy self-rule with a constitution
  • Socialism state-directed modernization and land
    reform

24
Qing Overthrown
  • Military mutinied against the Qing.
  • Revolutionaries elected Sun president of
    the Republic of China in 1911.
  • Pu Yi, the last Emperor, abdicated.
  • Without military backing Sun had to resign within
    weeks.
  • Assembly elected Yuan Shilai, a regional warlord,
    president.
  • Sun organized his followers into a nationalist
    political party known as the Guomindang (National
    People's Party), but was crushed by Yuan.
  • Foreign influence in China continued.
  • Imperial, Confucianist China was no longer.
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