The War on the Frontier

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The War on the Frontier

• The Battle for the Trans-Mississippi West

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Legend Dark RedConfederate Victory over
Union Light RedConfederate Victory over
Indians BlackUnion Victory over
Indians BlueUnion Victory over Confederates
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State by State
Battles by state New Mexico 2 (1 Major Union
Victory, 1 Confederate VictoryTexas 5 (1 Union
Victory, 4 Confederate Victories)Arizona 1 (1
Union Victory)Oklahoma 8 (3 Confederate over
Indian Victories, 5 Union Victories)
Kansas 4 (3 Union Victories, 1 Confederate
Victory)Colorado 1 (Sand Creek
Massacre)Missouri 23 (12 Confederate
Victories, 11 Union Victories)Arkansas 15 (11
Union Victories, 1 Major Union Victory, 3
Confederate Victories)Louisiana 20 (15 Union
Victory, 1 Major Union Victory, 3 Confederate
Victories, 1 Draw)North Dakota 5 (5 Union
Victories over Indians)Minnesota 2 (2 Union
Victories over IndiansIdaho 1 (1 Union Victory
over Indians) Total for Trans-Mississippi West
59 Union Victories, 27 Confederate Victories
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The Major Battles

• The Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas March 8, 1862
  The United States Army of the Southwest defeats a
  combined Confederate and Cherokee army and forces
  the Confederacy out of Arkansas and Missouri.
• The Battle of Glorieta Pass, New Mexico March
  26-28, 1862 The Colorado First Volunteers repel
  a Texan invasion force at Glorieta Pass and
  prevent the invasion of the Union West.
• The Battle of New Orleans April 25-May 1, 1862
  The United States Navy takes the city of New
  Orleans without major engagement.

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Effect of the Trans-Mississippi Campaign

• Important Northern victories West of the
  Mississippi River meant that the Confederacy
  could not launch a strong enough offensive to
  draw away enough troops from the East. Instead,
  Union forces at criticalbattles drove the
  Confederacy eastand allowed the Northto win
  the West.

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Sizer and Cullens Text

• Secondary Source The Way to Pea Ridge by Alvin
  M. Josephy, Jr.Primary Sources Hangings End
  Sioux Uprising from the St. Paul Pioneer Press
  (Dec. 26, 1862) Patriotic Iowa! from Mary A.
  Livermores My Story of the War A Womans
  Narrative

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Summary of Josephy

• The Battle of Pea Ridge, while mainly between
  southern Confederate armies and Unions forces
  from Iowa and Missouri, included American Indians
  who fought for Confederates.Cherokee Indians
  fought bravely, but did not contribute to the
  battle significantly.
• The presence of Cherokee Indians on the
  battlefield appeared in newspapers across the
  North, and included tales of scalpings,
  mutilations, and killing injured Union soldiers.

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Gen. Albert Pike

• Biographical InformationAuthorized in 1861 to
  developtreaties with the tribes of the Indian
  Territory to create a bufferbetween Kansas and
  Texas.Found massive internal dissention among
  the Five Civilized Tribesthe Cherokee, the
  Creek, the Chickasaw, the Choctaw, and the
  Seminole

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John Ross and Stand Waite

• Ross, Leader of the Cherokee Initially wanted no
  part in the Civil War, but political competition
  by Waite, as well as early Confederate
  victories in Missouri and Virginia forced
  Rossto ally the divided Cherokee nation with
  the Confederacy and sever ties with the United
  States, in exchange for the Confederacy
  assuming all debts to the Cherokee nation.

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The Other Tribes

• Creek Indians were sharply divided between the
  Union and the Confederacy. Pike attempted to
  form a treaty with the Creek in July, and was
  successful in enlisting a regiment of Creek
  troops for the McIntosh brothers. By October, the
  two camps were warring with each other, and
  Confederate troops moved in to assist their
  allies.
• Seminole Indians were equally divided, but
  eventually sent forces to the Creek regiment.

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• Pike later signed treaties with numerous other
  tribes of the Plains, including the Comanche, the
  Tonkawa, the Cadoo, and Waco, the Osage, the
  Seneca, and the Shawnee.

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Account of Sioux Executions

• In August 1862, Sioux Indians rose up in
  Minnesota, and most of those captured were
  sentenced to death. Lincoln commuted most of
  those sentences. The article describes the
  execution of thirty-eight soldiers.
• Union soldiers cultural attitudes vs. Sioux
  attitudes

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Patriotic Iowa!

• Iowans enlisted to join the army nobly
• But Iowa was not equal in sanitary work for the
  wounded until meetings in local communities in
  1864 greatly improved the situation and Iowans
  raised 60,000 dollars in each of the first two
  weeks, despite most of the state being owned by
  Eastern Prospectors.

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• Civil War battles archives, includes Civil War
  battles by state
• http//www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/bystate.htm
  .