Chapter 7 The Roman World

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Chapter 7 The Roman World

• 1000 BC 476 AD

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Section 1 Founding of the Roman Republic

• Main Idea The early Romans established a
  powerful and well organized republic that grew
  and changed over time.
• Geography Tiber River, central location,
• Latins, Etruscans, Greeks, (map on page 150)

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Republic

• 509 BC wealthy landowners overthrew the
  Etruscan king and vowed never again to be ruled
  by a monarch
• In place of the monarchy, Rome established a
  republic
• Republic form of government in which voters
  elect officials to run the State
• Only adult male citizens could vote and serve in
  the government
• 3 important groups of citizens helped govern the
  republic (1) Senate (2) magistrates (3)
  popular assemblies

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• Senate most powerful controlled public funds
  and decided foreign policy in times of war it
  could name a dictator
• Magistrates elected officials veto I
  forbid checks and balances

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Conflict of the Orders

• Attempts of common people to win more rights
• Patricians powerful landowners who controlled
  government nobles who inherited power
• Plebeians made up most of population mostly
  farmers and workers

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• Over time, plebeians increased their power
  through demands and strikes
• In one of the greatest victories, they forced the
  government to write down the laws of the Roman
  Republic
• The Twelve Tables were placed in the Forum, the
  chief public square, for all to view
• However, since government officials were not paid
  a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to
  hold office

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• Every adult male citizen who owned land was
  required to serve in the Roman Army
• Major unit of the army was the Legion
  consisting of from 4500 6000 citizens called
  legionnaires
• As Romans made allies in more distant areas, they
  allowed the allies to remain independent,
  however, these areas had to provide soldiers for
  the Roman army.

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• Romans also expected conquered peoples to provide
  land for Roman farmers. This land policy helped
  the Romans to maintain control over conquered
  areas. It also led to the spread of the Latin
  language, Roman law, and other aspects of Roman
  culture throughout Italy.

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Section 2 Rome expands its Borders

• Predict some possible causes of conflict between
  the growing Roman Republic and the surrounding
  Mediterranean peoples
• Answers trade rivalry and economic competition,
  competition for land, mutual suspicion, cultural
  threats,
• Main Idea Through warfare and alliances, the
  Roman Republic greatly expanded the lands under
  their control.

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The Punic Wars

• Places Rubicon, Carthage, Alps,
• Rome vs. Carthage why?
• First Punic War 264 BC
• Rome has no navy, builds one what was the
  model?
• Land warfare at sea boarding bridges
• War ends after 23 years 241 BC

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Punic Wars

• Second Punic War 218 BC
• Hannibal
• Crossing the Alps into Italy
• Laid waste to the countryside
• Wanted to win away Romes allies successful?
• Scipio Roman general
• Rome goes after Carthage Hannibal has to go
  home
• Carthage has to give up their Navy and colonies
  in Spain

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Punic Wars

• Third Punic War
• Roman Senate decides to crush Carthage
• Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC
• By 133 BC Rome had extended its control over the
  entire region supreme power in the Mediterranean

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Provinces

• Each province was administered by a governor
• Rome becomes dependent upon the provinces over
  time for grain
• Equites class of business people connected to
  trade
• Within the Republic the gap between the rich and
  the poor, powerful and powerless, continued to
  grow

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Spartacus

• Led revolt that began in 73 BC
• More than 70,000 slaves took part
• Spartacus dies in battle
• Some 6,000 rebels were crucified

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Section 3 Birth of the Roman Empire

• What challenges were faced as Rome grew?
• Main Idea Bitter political power struggles
  within the Roman Republic led to the creation of
  the Roman Empire

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The Gracchi

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Wanted to make reforms for the common people
  scared those who held power
• Tiberius was killed by a mob of Senators and
  their followers
• Gaius worked to help and feed the poor - killed

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Social War

• War of Roman allies had become dissatisfied
  with Rome
• Rome ultimately won
• Finally allowed citizenship and political
  participation for Roman allies

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• Gaius Marius Roman general created an army of
  volunteers rewarded with money, land, and loot
• With this practice troops became more loyal to
  the generals than the government
• More and more an army commander with loyal troops
  could force the Senate to do his bidding

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Julius Caesar

• First Triumvirate Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar
• Caesar gained control of an army in Gaul where?
• Crassus was killed in battle
• Pompey was sole consul and was growing jealous of
  Caesar
• Calls for Caesar to return home without his army
• Caesar marches towards Rome with his army
  Crossing the Rubicon
• Pompey and followers flee to Greece
• Caesar wins power by defeating enemies named
  dictator for life
• Caesar increases size of Senate but reduces its
  power
• Ides of March 15 March 44BC

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Octavian

• Grandnephew of Caesar chosen as heir
• Struggle for power
• Octavian and Antony divide Roman world who gets
  what?
• Eventually Octavian takes over everything what
  happens to Antony?
• Octavian calls himself first citizen why?
• Senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus
  the revered one
• Usually called the first Roman Emperor

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Republic to Empire

• Roman Republic becomes the Roman Empire
• Empires borders are expanded and leaders want to
  push further
• 9 AD German tribes defeat the invaders
• German victory forces Rome to accept the Rhine
  River as the boundary of its northern frontier
• How many differences exist within the Roman
  Empire?

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Pax Romana

• Reign of Augustus began period known as Pax
  Romana Roman peace lasts for 200 years
• Who are the Julio-Claudian Emperors?
• Relatives of Julius Caesar
• Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

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Section 4 Roman Society and Culture

• Main Idea Over the course of centuries, the
  Romans built a cultural heritage that continues
  to influence us today
• Factors that helped build an empire and maintain
  order (1) organized strong govt and revised
  the laws (2) widespread trade and good
  transportation (3) strong army

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• During Pax Romana agriculture was the most
  important occupation in the empire
• Roman army built roads and bridges why?
• Bulk shipments of grain could be carried by sea
  from Spain to Syria at less than the cost of
  moving the same cargo overland a distance of 75
  miles
• About 60,000 miles of paved highways reached to
  army outposts
• Citizen-soldiers served for 16 20 years in the
  Roman legions
• Governing the provinces how? Force? Diplomacy?

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Society

• A majority of Romans were poor
• By the time of Augustus there were several
  million slaves in Italy
• Much less common in Britain and western part of
  the empire

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Society

• The family was at the heart of Roman society
• Early education took place at home
• Religion purpose was to promote patriotism and
  loyalty to the state
• Romans enjoyed brutal games
• Chariot racing and gladiators bread and
  circuses
• Public executions of criminals also drew large
  crowds and served as a warning

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Science and the Arts

• Knowledge that was gained at this time period
  would be used for several hundred years
• Galen medical knowledge
• Ptolemy theories on astronomy accepted for
  nearly 1500 years
• Ptolemaic System sun, planets, stars revolved
  around the earth

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• Aqueducts
• Most important contribution of Roman architects
  was the use of concrete which made large
  buildings possible
• Virgil greatest Roman poet
• Tacitus greatest Roman historian
• Latin language is of major significance to history

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Section 5 The Rise of Christianity

• Main Idea The rise of Christianity and its
  gradual spread across the empire changed the
  culture of the Romans

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Birth of Christianity

• People in empire had various religions
• Had to honor the gods of Rome and divine spirit
  of the emperor
• Most Jews lived in Judea
• Jews did not have to follow above rules due to
  monotheism
• Zealots?
• Messiah - savior

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Trouble in Judea

• AD 66 70 Jews revolted against Rome
• Romans sack Jerusalem
• Destroy all but the West Wall of Sacred Temple
• Rabbis/Synagogue

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West Wall (Wailing Wall) 1910
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1912
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Modern
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West Wall and Dome of the Rock
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Jesus

• Began teaching around 27 AD focus of teaching?
• Disciples followers Apostles
• Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
• Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension
• Christianity accepted everyone poor and rich
  alike promised hope and freedom from the
  penalties of sin and death

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Trouble?

• Christianity becomes outlawed due to its threat
  to the Roman ways threat?
• Martyrs Blood of the martyrs became the seeds
  of the Church
• Rome eventually accepts Christianity because it
  was so popular

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Acceptance of Christianity

• 312 AD Roman emperor Constantine supports
  Christianity his vision (page 173)
• Promotes it and is baptized
• 391 AD Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity
  the official religion

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Organization of Christian Church

• Highly organized
• Priests bishops ..
• Centers of Church Rome, Constantinople,
  Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem
• Patriarchs bishops in these cities
• Bishop of Rome
• Helps organize Europe in absence of Rome

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Councils

• Purpose of councils
• Council of Nicaea wrote down the main beliefs
  of the Church
• Trinity Father, Son, Holy Spirit in one Person

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Section 6 The Fall of the Western Empire

• Main Idea Internal conflicts and invading
  forces weakened the Roman Empire and led to its
  decline

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Problems

• Inflation rise in prices caused by a decrease
  in the value of money
• Morality declines
• Civil wars
• Weak rulers
• Outside forces

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Diocletian

• Made emperor in 284 AD
• Empire grew too big for one person to manage
• Diocletian rules the East, co-emperor rules West
• Defense and security of the empire came first
  individual freedom came second
• Divided rule breaks down
• Civil war once again racked empire

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Constantinople

• Constantine creates a new capital city in the
  East called Constantinople
• As Western Empire grew weaker, Eastern Empire
  became the center of power and wealth

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Invasions

• Map on page 174
• Most troublesome invaders were the Germans
• 410 AD Visigoth King Alaric and his troops
  sacked Rome first time Rome had been sacked in
  800 years
• 476 AD barbarian commander overthrew Romulus
  Augustulus last Roman emperor in the West
• Results of the Invasions page 175

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Causes of Decline

• No single fall occurs combination of events
• Empire in the East would remain until 1453 AD
• Most obvious cause of the final collapse is the
  mass of Germanic invasions triggered by the Huns
  pushing West from Asia
• In the age of slow transportation the Roman
  Empire grew too fast and too large

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Decline and Fall

• Soldiers lost their loyalty to Rome instead
  they served who could pay the most
• Discipline crumbled with poor leadership

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Economics

• Defense and maintenance of empire was expensive
• Heavy taxes crushed people

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Social

• Most early Romans were stern, honest, hard
  working and patriotic
• Later they lost their patriotism
• Took little interest in government and lacked
  political honesty