Rise of New Leaders

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Rise of New Leaders and Ideas in Europe during
the 1930s
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Who Would You Vote For?
Contestant 1 I am a womanizer, have
self-interested policies and unfortunately
suffer from ailing health.


Contestant 2I have a drinking habit and a
defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant 3I am a decorated war hero, do not
drink and want to create a stable economy
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Who Did You Vote For?

Contestant 3


Contestant 2
Contestant 1
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Black Tuesday 1929- stock market
crashes
Treaty of Versailles
Great Depressionduring 1930s
Totalitarianism
Increasing influence of new political parties
that emphasize state control-For example
Communism, Nazism, Fascism
Total Controlof State by aDictator
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Totalitarianism

• What is it?
• Describe its characteristics

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Totalitarianism

• Government establishes complete control of all
  aspects of the state(political, military,
  economy, social, cultural)
• Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies,
  uniforms)
• Strict controls and laws
• Military state (secret police, army, military)
• Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
• Propaganda (media radio, newspapers, posters)
• One leader (dictator) charismatic
• Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
• Terror and Fear

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Totalitarianism
These theories, specifically Communism and
Fascism, are completely different theories that
are bitterly opposed however they exhibit the
same behaviour
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Communism

• I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet
  Union from 1922-1953.
• What is Communism?
• LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• revolutionary idea of a political,
  economic and social system that creates a
  classless society
• state ownership and control of the means of
  production (no private ownership)
• Soviet Communism or Stalinism, was more of
  a totalitarian and military state combined
  with elements of communism

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Fascism

• I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of
  Italy from 1922 to 1943.
• What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more important than
  individual rights
• maintain class system and private ownership

Interesting Fact Fascism name was derived from
the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
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Nazism

• I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or
  dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.
• What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
  totalitarian
• based on beliefs of the National Socialist
  German Workers Party
• belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan,
  the master race
• belief that all Germans should have lebensraum
  or living space in Europe
• Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germanys
  problems on them

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Nazi Controls

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Nazi Military State

• GESTAPO the Secret State Police
• SS (Schutzstaffel) Defense Corps black
  shirts, an elite guard unit formed out of the
  SA
• SA (Sturmabteilung) Stormtroopers
  "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that
  protected leaders and opposed rival political
  parties
• Lebensraum (living space) concept that
  emphasized need for territorial expansion of
  Germany into east
• Wehrmacht German army
• HJ (Hitler Jugend) Hitler Youth
• Einstazgruppen Nazi Death Squad mobile
  killing units
• Volk all inclusive concept of nation, people
  and race, implying the superiority of German
  culture and race led to policy of
  Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial
  Nazi community in government policies and
  programs)

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The Eternal JewDepiction of a Jew holding gold
coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under
his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint
of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this
promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings,
and in some cases violence against the Jewish
community.
This Nazi propaganda poster reads, Behind the
enemy powers the Jew.
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Policy of Appeasement

• Appeasement
• willingness to surrender to an aggressors
  demands to avoid war
• reduction of international tensions through
  removal of causes of friction concessions to
  disgruntled nations to lessen their tendency to
  take aggressive actions
• How was it used prior to World War II?
• Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped and
  needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense
  of the smaller independent countries)
• Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by
  Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of Versailles
• Reality
• Blindness to true nature of Hitlers agenda
  program for Eastern Europe
• Positive and Negatives Reasons for appeasement?

From W. Robson, Twentieth-Century History,
1973. There had been nothing weak or foolish
about the attitude of the Western leaders. They
tried to settle differences by discussion and
conciliation, methods that had been highly
successful in the 1920s. Their failure was due to
the fact that Hitler took consolation for
weakness and found that he could get his own way.
He could have been stopped earlier but only at
the risk of war. Discussion was the method of
gentlemen, which explains why Chamberlain and the
Western leaders favoured it and Hitler did not
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Steps to War

• Was the Treaty of Versailles truly the cause of
  World War II?
• How did appeasement contribute to World War II?
• Why did the League of Nations fail?
• What role did isolationism play?
• Could Hitler have been contained at any time
  prior to 1939?
• How did World War II begin? What were the steps
  to war?