Longterm Memory

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Cognitive Psychology

• Long-term Memory

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Types of Long-term memory

• Memory is not all the same
• Dissociations occur various manipulations affect
  one type of memory, but not the other.
• Common dissociations brain injury and amnesia.

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Types of Long-term memory
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• Implicit vs. Explicit memory
• Explicit Memory with awareness
• Implicit Memory without awareness
• Declarative vs. nondeclarative
• memory that we can declare. Book knowledge

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• Explicit memory
• Semantic vs. episodic
• Semantic memory of the meaning of words, facts,
  etc.
• Episodic memory of specific episodes
• autobiographical memories.
• Certain amnesics are lacking in episodic memory
  but not semantic
• Infantile amnesia shows problems specifically
  with episodic
• Tests of episodic and semantic memory do not
  correlate well.

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Implicit memory

• Memory without awareness
• Several examples
• Pavlovian conditioning
• Procedural memory
• Priming
• Pavlovian conditioning stimuli become
  associated together
• We do not have to be aware

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• Procedural memory memory for how to do things.
• Ride a bike
• How to type
• Once we have this memory, we automatically
  perform it.

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• Priming facilitated response to a stimulus that
  has recently been experienced.
• Memory has been primed.
• Expose subjects to a list of words
• Now ask them to solve problems
• Stem-completion tasks missing letters of words
  must be filled in
• Wheel of fortune style
• E.g., _ _ l f,
• E.g., t a b _ _

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• Results Repetition priming - prior exposure to
  words enhances stem-completion tasks
• E.g., Rajaram Roediger (1993) prior exposure
  to the word table in experimental condition.
  Control group no exposure
• Experimental group filled in table 49 of the
  time
• Control group only 30
• Some memory must be there
• Participants do not explicitly remember seeing
  table before.

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• Lexical-decision tasks
• Given list of words
• Push a button if it an English word
• Ex. DESK, JOKE, KIJE
• Responses show effects of repetition priming
• Benefits even without explicit recall
• Direct test of memory recognition
• Dissociations
• No evidence of memory in direct test
• Memory present in lexical-decision task

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Mere-exposure effect

• Subjects rate familiar objects as more favorable
  than unfamiliar
• Zajonc study
• Effect occurs even without explicit memory of
  familiarity

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Illusion of truth

• Dissociation between explicit and implicit memory
• Presentation of false statements
• More crediblity to statements because of
  familiarity
• Illusion of fame
• Ex. Jacoby et al (1989)
• Source error

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• Misattribution
• Jacoby et al (1988)
• Repetition priming and judgments of noise
• Illusions of control
• Role of implicit memory
• Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

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• Flashbulb memories- memory for a traumatic or
  important event
• Special type of memory for emotionally
  significant memories
• Tend to be very strong and people are confident
  in them
• Challenger study
• 9/11
• Showed that flashbulb memories are very similar
  to regular ones except for the confidence of them.