20c China:

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20c China From Republic to Communist Power
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Imperialism in China

• Since the mid 17th century, Chinese rulers had
  refused to adopt western ways.
• As a result, Chinese technology began to fall
  behind that of the Europeans who will begin to
  challenge the middle kingdom

3
Opium War

• British merchants began to trade opium in China
  in the late 18th century
• China tried to halt imports of the highly
  addictive drug
• In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought
  with the Chinese in a conflict called the opium
  war
• Britain's superior military and industrial
  strength led to a quick victory

4
Treaty of Nanjing

• In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the
  harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing
• China had to pay for Britain's war costs, open
  ports to British trade, and give Britain the
  island of Hong Kong
• The western powers carved out spheres of
  influence, areas in which an outside power
  claimed exclusive trade privileges including the
  right to build roads, railroads, and factories

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Spheres of Influence
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(No Transcript)
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Chinese Reaction to Imperialism

• The Taiping Rebellion from 1850-1864, angry
  impoverished peasants revolted against Qing
  officials. Millions were killed and China
  suffered.
• Boxer Rebellion in 1900, a group known as the
  Boxers assaulted foreign communities across
  China. Armies from the west and Japan crushed the
  rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign
  powers even more influence in China.

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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The Chinese Revolution

• In the early 1900s Chinese nationalism grew.
• Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create a new
  government and replace the Qing Dynasty

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Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)
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Sun Yat-sens Three Goals

• To end foreign domination
• To form a representative government
• To create economic security
• In 1911, workers, peasants, and warlords toppled
  the monarchy. Yat-sen was named president of the
  Chinese Republic

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Rival Groups Fight for Power

• After WWI, China was in disorder and Sun Yat-sen
  stepped down leaving rival groups fighting for
  power
• May Fourth Movement Student movement that
  supported westernization,modernization, and
  democratic principles
• Communists The Chinese Communist party is
  formed, influenced by the ideas of Marx and Lenin
  
• Nationalists Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi)
  takes over control of the Nationalists party

13
Civil War

• At first, the Nationalists and Communists had
  worked together to unite China.
• Over time however, they would become enemies and
  a civil war will develop that will last for 22
  years
• Nationalists vs. Communists

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The Long March

• Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the
  communists in the 1930s
• Mao led his followers, roughly 100,000, away
  from nationalists forces in 1934 in what in known
  as the Long March.
• Only about 20,000 people survived and settled in
  northern China where they would regroup and
  organize

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Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)
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Mao With His Children, 1930s
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Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist
China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)
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The Long March 1934
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The Long March
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Survivors of the March
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The Long March
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Japan Invades China 1937
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WWII

• During World War II, Civil War would cease in
  order to fight Japanese forces.
• Both the Communists (who receive military aid
  from the United States) and the Nationalists
  fight against the Japanese invasion.
• After WWII the Civil War continued

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Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945
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Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.
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Japanese Soldiers March into NankingDecember 9,
1937
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The Japanese Invasion, 1937
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Remains of Chinese Children Bayonetedby Japanese
Soldiers
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Japanese Bayonet Practice
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Beheadings Took Place in Public!
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Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded Displayed
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UNIT 731 Bio-Chemical Warfare
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UNIT 731 Live Human Dissections
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The Communist Revolution 1946 - 1949
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Communist Victory

• In 1949 the Communists are victorious and the
  Nationalists flee to Taiwan
• Reasons for Maos Success
• Mao won the support of the huge peasant
  population by promising to give land to peasants
• Mao won the support of women by rejecting the
  traditional beliefs of Confucius
• Many people opposed the Nationalist government
  because of rumored corruption
• Some Chinese felt that Nationalists had allowed
  foreigners to dominate China
• Maos army used guerilla war tactics

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The Peoples Liberation Army, 1949
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The Communist Victory
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Changing Role of Women

• Women gained more rights and won equality under
  the law.
• They were now expected to work alongside men in
  the factories and fields, however they were
  usually paid lower wages.
• A few women also had government jobs

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Taiwan The Republic of China
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Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)
(Chiang Kai-shek)
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The Peoples Republic of China
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The Great Leap Forward (or Backward?) 1958-1961
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Great Leap Forward, 1958

• 5 year plan to increase agriculture and
  industry
• Attempt to become self-reliant
• Begins the divorce from the USSR
• Communes
• Groups of people who live and work together
• Property held in common
• Had production quotas
• Failed due to poor quality of products, poor
  weather hurt agriculture

SOCIAL EQUALITY! Was his number 1 concern
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Great Leap Forward, 1958

• In 1958, Mao introduced an industrialization and
  modernization program known as the Great Leap
  Forward
• He called on people to increase industrial and
  agricultural output
• To make agriculture more productive, he created
  communes, groups of people who live and work
  together on common property.
• Communes had production quotas. Steel communes
  were also developed
• The Great Leap Forward was a complete failure.
  Communes turned out poorly made goods and
  agricultural output declined. Bad weather added
  to the downturn, creating widespread famine.

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Great Leap Forward Posters
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Great Leap Forward Posters
Propaganda poster of the steel production
objective. The text reads "Take steel as the key
link, leap forward in all fields"
Propaganda poster of the Great Leap Forward. The
text reads "Long live the General Line! Long
live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the
People's Commune!"
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Communist China Under Mao

• Industrialized China
• Increased literacy
• Class privileges ended
• Rural Chinese received health care
• One-party dictatorship
• Denied people basic rights and freedoms --gt
  Inner Mongolia, Tibet

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Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954

• Tibet --gt an autonomous area.
• Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.

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The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966 -
1976
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The Cultural Revolution

• In 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to
  renew peoples loyalty to communism and establish
  a more equitable society.
• Mao feared intellectuals may try to overthrow the
  communist system of government
• Schools and Universities were shut down
  throughout China and students were encouraged to
  join the revolution
• Students formed groups of fighters called the Red
  Guards. They attacked professors, government
  officials, and factory managers.
• The economy suffered, China loses contact with
  the outside world, and civil war once again
  threatened the country

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A Campaign Against the FOUR OLDS

• Old Thoughts
• Old Culture
• Old Customs
• Old Habits

To Rebel Is Good!
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Communist China Under Mao

• Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and
  establish a more equitable society
• Mao wanted to put intellectuals in their
  place
• Schools shut down students revolted
• Red Guards students who attacked
  professors, government officials, factory
  managers

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• The Cultural Revolution was successful in
  removing many who opposed MAOs policies but led
  to serious disorder, forcing Mao to call in the
  military to restore order in 1967.

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A Red Guard
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Red Guards March to Canton
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With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao,
cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the
great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the
word 'Usefullness'. (1968)
Cult of Personality
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The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart,
Chairman Mao, and us togetherZhejiang Workers,
Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968
Maos Little Red Book
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Propaganda Poster
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Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and
into the thick of struggle!1967-1972
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Propaganda Poster
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Propaganda Poster
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Propaganda Poster
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Ping-Pong Diplomacy U. S. Players at Great
Wall, 1971
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United States Recognition

• During the Cold War, the US refused to recognize
  China
• With the Korean War, China and the United States
  favored opposing sides
• By the 1970s the situation began to change.China
  won admission to the United Nations in 1971,
  Richard Nixon visited Mao in 1972, and the US
  officially recognized the Peoples Republic of
  China in 1979

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Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972
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Maos successor

• In 1969 Mao designated Defense Minister Lin Biao,
  a Cultural Revolution ally, as his heir apparent.
  But Mao came to have doubts about Lin and soon
  challenged him politically. One of the issues of
  debate was the opening to the United States,
  advocated by Mao and Zhou Enlai as a counter to
  the Soviet Union. In 1971 Lin was killed in a
  plane crash while fleeing China after an alleged
  assassination attempt on Mao.

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Power Struggle
Communist Traditionalists
Modernists
1976
Zhou Enlai
The Gang of Four Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang
Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan
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Communist Government and a Capitalist Economy
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Communism Under Deng Xiaoping

• Mao died in 1976. and Deng Xiaoping took power
• Deng brought more economic freedom but little
  political change

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Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997)
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Dengs Four Modernizations
De-Maoization

• Deng promoted foreign trade and more contact with
  foreign nations.
• He also introduced the Four Modernizations
• Farming modernize and mechanize
• Industry upgrade and expand
• Science and Technology encouraged development
• Defense improve military forces
• Class struggle was no longer a focus

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Limited Privatization
De-Maoization

• Deng got rid of Maos unpopular communes
• He allowed land to be leased to individual
  farmers
• After delivering a certain amount of food to the
  government, farmers could sell produce for a
  profit
• Private businesses were also allowed to produce
  goods and services

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Results of Reforms

• Foreign investment increased as well as the
  influx of foreign technology
• The economy grew and many enjoyed a better
  standard of living
• Foreign relations and trade improved
• Gap between rich and poor grew
• People begin to demand political reforms
• Chinese economy show hints of Capitalism

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Tiananmen Square

• The Chinese Government was willing to grant
  economic reforms but unwilling to make any
  political reforms.
• In May 1989, demonstrators in Beijing occupied
  Tiananmen Square, demanding more rights and
  freedoms
• When they refused to disperse as ordered, the
  government sent in troops and tanks
• Thousands were killed or wounded.?.

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Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
DemocracyOur Common Ideal!
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
TheGoddessofDemocracy
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
One Lone Mans Protest
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre The Peoples Army Moves In
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre A Human Body Crushed by an Army
Tank
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Army Looks for Dissidents
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student Leaders Are Arrested
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
Chinese Students Mourn the Dead
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Reestablishment of Order
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Return of Hong Kong

• In 1842, Britain gained the island of Hong Kong.
• During its years under British rule, Hong Kong
  became modernized and wealthy.
• In the 1980s, Britain and China decided that
  Hong Kong would be returned to China in 1997.
• China agreed not to interfere with the social or
  economic policies of Hong King for 50 years and
  allow the island a degree of self rule.
• Hong Kong was turned over on July 1, 1997

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Prince Charles and Jiang Zemin at the return of
Hong Kong Ceremony
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Whats the Message Here?
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Demography

• may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade
  data. But of the two momentous changes
  championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century
  ago, coercive population controls and
  experiments with market economics, the jury is
  still out on which will do more to shape China's
  long-term potential.

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Demography
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Demography

• There are too many retirees in China, and not
  enough young people to replace them.

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Demography

• "The evidence is overwhelming that a large
  population of unmarried adult males is a risk
  factor for both crime and war," Ms. den Boer
  said in an interview. "The fact that China is
  an authoritarian country is another risk
  factor."

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Economic and Political Issues

• The Communist Command Economy
• After World War II, China, Mongolia, and North
  Korea abolished private property and the
  government took control of the economy.
• These sweeping changes proved less successful
  than was hoped.

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Economic and Political Issues

• The Commune System
• In China, the priority was to improve both
  agricultural and industrial production.
• Land was taken out of the hands of landlords and
  given to landless farmers.
• Because this proved inefficient, farmers were put
  into cooperatives to share labor and pool
  resources. Full-scale communes took over all
  aspects of life.

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Economic and Political Issues

• Focus on Heavy Industry
• The focus was on heavy industry, not consumer
  goods. Funds for industrial development were
  diverted from the already inefficient
  agricultural sector.
• Although nearly everyone was guaranteed a job for
  life, these systems led to conformity and lack of
  innovation, and people were not allowed to
  consume more than the bare necessities.

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Economic and Political Issues

• Regional Self-Sufficiency in China
• Regional self-sufficiency encouraged each region
  to develop independently, building agricultural
  and industrial sectors of equal strength to even
  out the distribution of income.
• This resulted in a waste of time and resources
  because funds were used to establish industries
  in nearly every province, regardless of
  practicality.

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Economic and Political Issues

• Globalization and Market Reforms in China
• In the late 1970s, China pursued a more efficient
  and market-oriented economy.
• China has become a participant in the global
  economy as a significant producer of manufactured
  goods, and it represents a market of more than 1
  billion customers.

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Economic and Political Issues

• The Reforms in Overview
• Responsibility systems gave managers of
  state-owned enterprises the right and
  responsibility to improve the efficiency of their
  operations.
• Managers and entrepreneurs have taken advantage
  of the different resources and opportunities in
  different areas of the country.

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Political and Economic Issues

• Globalization and Market Reforms in China
• 1st reform Decentralization of decision-making
• Responsibility system household new social unit
  for agriculture
• 2nd reform Creation of competitive markets
• 3rd reform Regional specialization implemented
  rather than regional self-sufficiency
• Growth of rural manufacturing (1/4 of Chinese
  economy)
• 4th reform Foreign investment promoted

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Agricultural Specialization in the Chang Jiang
Figure 9.18
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Foreign Investment in East Asia
Figure 9.22
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Economic and Political Issues

• Regional Trends in Agriculture
• Market reforms brought new opportunities
  however, these reforms could also compromise food
  stability.
• Pressures on food production systems are
  increasing because agriculture is only possible
  on a portion of Chinas land.

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Economic and Political Issues

• A Market Focus for Rural Enterprises
• Entrepreneurial rural enterprises have grown and
  become the mainstay of many rural economies. They
  now constitute one-quarter of the economy.
• Environmental pollution and corruption have
  accompanied their growth.

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Economic and Political Issues

• The Persistence of Regional Disparities
• The Chinese economy has become more productive
  overall however, reform has proceeded slowly.
• Long-term disparities in wealth between Chinas
  regions are increasing.

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Economic and Political Issues

• International Trade and Special Economic Zones
• Special economic zones (SEZs) and economic and
  technology development zones (ETDZs) are central
  to the new market reforms in China.
• SEZs and ETDZs function as free-trade zones and
  have brought international investment and
  industry.
• SEZs and ETDZs are major growth poles, as many
  coastal cities have grown into some of the
  largest urban areas in the country.

107
Economic and Political Issues

• Life in the Growing Cities
• Millions of young migrants leave rural villages
  to work in SEZs. Many come intending to send
  money back home and eventually return home to
  improve their communities. However, workers are
  often paid less and work longer hours than the
  recruiters promised.
• Concern is growing over the floating population
  of jobless or underemployed people who have left
  rural areas, without permission under the hukou
  system, and are now unaccounted for.

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Economic and Political Issues

• China and the World Trade Organization
• Dramatic economic changes allowed China to be
  admitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
  this organization seeks to remove barriers to
  global trade.
• The inclusion of China in the WTO is highly
  controversial. China has brutally suppressed
  separatist movements, committed human rights
  abuses, and much of its growth is based on
  environmentally destructive activities and abuses
  of workers.